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Snow Leopard Conservancy. (2001). Snow Leopard Conservancy Annual Report, 2001.
Abstract: This report outlines the conservation and education actions undertaken in 2001 by the Snow Leopard Conservancy(SLC) toward preserving the endangered snow leopard, which is found in the mountains of twelve Central Asian countries. We augmented our program in Ladakh, India and launched new projects in Nepal and Tibet. We also laid the ground work for new community-based snow leopard conservation initiatives in Nepal's former Kingdom of Mustang,and in Manang, the country's most frequented trekking region after Mt. Everest.
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Jackson, R., Hillard, D. (2002). The Snow Leopard Conservancy Year-end report 2002.
Abstract: While the SLC is just two years old, our twenty years of field experience, numerous contacts and well-established professional relationships have enabled us to work as a mature organization. The Wildlife Conservation Network (WCN) has been instrumental in building awareness of the SLC within the community, and in raising $85,000 in individual donations and merchandise sales which comprised 46% of our 2002 operating budget. With our overhead costs kept to a minimum and being substantially underwritten, donor dollars can be used directly and effectively in the field. With our donors and volunteers committed to helping us build our sustainability, we look forward to even greater success in saving snow leopards in partnership with local people.
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Jackson, R., Wangchuk, R. (2001). Linking Snow Leopard Conservation and People-Wildlife Conflict Resolution: Grassroots Measures to Protect the Endangered Snow Leopard from Herder Retribution. Endangered Species UPDATE, 18(4), 138–141.
Abstract: Livestock depredation has become a significant problem across the snow leopard's (Panthera uncia) range in Central Asia, being most severe in and near protected areas. Such predation, especially incidents of “surplus killing,” in which five to 100 or more sheep and goats are lost in a single night, almost inevitably leads herders to retaliate by killing rare or endangered carnivores like snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Ironically, such loss can be avoided by making the night-time enclosures predator-proof, improving animal husbandry techniques, educating herders on wildlife conservation and the importance of protecting the natural prey base, and by providing economic incentives like handicrafts skills training and marketing, along with carefully planned ecotourism trekking and guiding. The author explores innovative conservation initiatives in the Himalaya (Ladakh and Tibet) and Mongolia, which also build local capacity, self-reliance, and stewardship for nature using Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action, or APPA, techniques. The most sound conservation investments are those contingent upon establishing direct linkages with biodiversity protection, ensuring co-financing and reciprocal responsibility for project activities, encouraging the full participation of all stakeholders, and assuring regular monitoring and evaluation of the village-based agreements (embodied in Action Plans).
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Dexel, B. (2002). The Illegal Trade in Snow Leopards: A Global Perspective.
Abstract: The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) was listed by the CITES Parties in 1975 on Appendix I. Since then cross-border trade has become an ever increasing threat to snow leopards, but no further measures have been taken in the framework of the convention to stop the on-going illegal trade in live specimen, parts and derivatives. Many range countries did not become a party to CITES till the late 1990s and some have not joined at all. The species is fully protected in every range country under the respective national laws and hunting as well as the trade in live specimen and parts is prohibited. All range countries with the exception of Bhutan have difficulties in enforcing these provisions.
The national and international trade in live specimen, skins and bones is, according to the global network of snow leopard experts (SLN), the major threat to the survival of the species, particularly in Central Asia. (SLSS 2002). This report is the first of its kind to assimilate the somewhat scarce information available, and to provide the Parties with evidence on the existence of this trade which, if no comprehensive measures are implemented as a matter of urgency, will lead to the extinction of this unique species. It also presents new trade data derived from investigations by the Kirghiz snow leopard enforcement group, Gruppa Bars, which is part of the joint Snow Leopard Conservation Programme of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and the German Society for Nature Conservation (NABU). |
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Jackson, R., Hillard, D. (2003). Non-invasive Monitoring to Support Local Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Annual progress report summary.
Abstract: Under this grant awarded by The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation through the auspices of Cat Action Treasury, SLC set out to accomplish the following outcomes in our Stewardship Program:
As of July 1, 2003 we completed the following major activities: * Tested and compared different remote sensor and camera configurations to determine which is most reliable at “capturing” passing snow leopards; * Investigated sampling strategies and camera trap placement with respect to snow leopard travel patterns and marking behavior; * Compared different survey methods: direct (non-invasive capture of photos and DNA material contained in hairs), and indirect (sign transects and presence/absence surveys under the standard SLIMS protocol); * Assessed the attitude of local people toward snow leopards, wolves and other wildlife as well as their perceptions of benefits and costs associated with the Hemis National Park, in order to craft more effective conservation and park management measures. These activities mesh with SLC’s ongoing program of predator-proofing livestock corrals in settlements of the Hemis National Park, as well as outside protected areas (including Zanskar, Lingshed and Kanji. For each village’s corrals that are improved, we estimate that five or more snow leopards are saved from retaliatory killing by shepherds who lose valuable livestock. Our program in assisting villagers to gain supplementary income from tourism-related activities is gaining strength, with trainings in 10 settlements this spring. SLC brought staff of KCC, the Khangchenjunga Conservation Committee, a local NGO based in Sikkim to assist in the skills training and to exchange ideas and experiences from other areas. Following on from the groundwork laid during the first Bosack-Kruger grant to SLC, we launched a major initiative in collaboration with the Mountain Institute, the Himalayan Homestay program. Funding for this is being provided by UNESCO. For further information on these and other snow leopard conservation efforts, see our newly designed web-page. The following paragraphs summarize our accomplishments to date, supported by this grant. For detailed information, please consult the following reports, which are being mailed under separate cover: 1) “Local People’s Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in Hemis National Park with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators” (prepared by Rodney Jackson, Rinchen Wangchuk and Jigmet Dadul) 2) “Non-Invasive Monitoring to Support Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Evaluation of Remote Camera Traps for Censusing Snow Leopards” (prepared by Rodney Jackson and Jerry Roe). |
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Anonymous. First order snow leopard and prey survey form.
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Russian Academy of Sciences, W. W. F. (2002). Strategy for Conservation of the Snow Leopard in the Russian Federation. Moscow.
Abstract: The strategy for Conservation of the Snow Leopard in the Russian Federation was discussed and adopted at a meeting of a working group that included representatives from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation; representatives of state and environmental authorities from the Altai, Khakasia, and Tyva republics, as well as the Krasnoyarsk region; the Commission on Large Carnivores of the Theriological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences; and WWF Russia.
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Ahlborn, G., Jackson, R. A survery of Sagarmatha National Park and the endangered Snow Leopard.
Abstract: A survey was undertaken of selected parts of Sagarmatha National Park to determine whether snow leopard was present, using techniques developed during a recent in-depth study of the species in west Nepal, using radio-telemetry. Although the species was considered to have been extirpated from the park in the 1970's, occasional reports have originated from trekkers who reported “seeing a snow leopard near Mount Everest (Sagarmatha)”.
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Anonymous. Second order form no. 2: Snow leopard sign transect.
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Ziegelmayer, K. Tourism and Development: Implications for Snow Leopard Conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Yale F & ES Bulletin, , 103.
Abstract: The Annapurna Conservation Area was established in 1986 to manage environmental degradation. Its designation as a “conservation area,” as opposed to a “park,” was based on the World Wildlife Fund’s Integrated Conservation and Development approach. The goal was to maintain positive relations with indigenous people while protecting and conserving the area’s rich natural resources. The indigenous population was allowed to live in the designated area, and was also encouraged to take a partnership role in its management and sustainable development, in conjunction with the Annapurna Conservation Area Project management team. Though the Annapurna Conservation Area Project has achieved notable success in terms of both community development and protected area management, the focus on tourism (the area is Nepal’s most popular trekking destination) as the means to achieve the project’s development goals has led to a neglect of other stated goals, particularly wildlife conservation. The program lacks explicit linkages between wildlife conservation (e.g., the endangered snow leopard (Unica unica)) and community development, for example. This paper describes and analyzes how the project has handled snow leopard conservation. Alternative approaches for snow leopard conservation include coercive enforcement by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, persuasive environmental education and outreach, agricultural extension assistance, from monetary compensation for livestock killed to monetary rewards for information on snow leopard poaching. I recommend several alternatives to improve snow leopard conservation. First, establish stronger and more formal links between the Annapurna Conservation Area Project and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. The department has the legal authority to enforce the endangered species policy that protects snow leopards, but no physical presence within the conservation area. Second, agricultural outreach could provide the subsistence pastoralists with direct economic gains while reducing snow leopard depredation of livestock. This alternative fits well with the development philosophy of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project. Third, increase entrance fees, setting aside a portion for snow leopard conservation. This allows tourists, who value the snow leopard positively, to share in the cost of its conservation. Taken together, these alternatives will improve snow leopard conservation while maintaining the spirit and philosophy of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project.
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