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| Author | Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. | ||||
| Title | Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 315-327 |
| Keywords | vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest | ||||
| Abstract | Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores. | ||||
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| Publisher | Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. | Place of Publication | Israel | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | English | Original Title | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1109 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R., Hunter, D.O. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard Survey and conservation handbook (First edition) | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-120 | ||
| Keywords | CCT, census, conservation, habitat, method, monitoring, prey, snow leopard, survey, Uncia uncia | ||||
| Abstract | The objectives of this handbook (First edition) are to provide standard procedures for conducting snow leopard status and distribution surveys; suggest uniform methods for assessing the status and relative abundance of large prey species (ungulates such as blue sheep, argali, markhor, Himalayan tahr, urial, ibex, red deer, and roe deer); offer guidance in evaluating habitat quality and identifying the major environmental factors affecting species welfare; and provide standard forms for reporting the results of these field surveys, and a process for feeding information developed by the International Snow Leopard Trust into Snoe Leopard Information Management System (SLIMS). | ||||
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| Corporate Author | International Snow Leopard Trust | Thesis | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1120 | ||
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| Author | Sharma, S., Thapa, K., Chalise, M., Dutta, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard in Himalaya: A step towards their conservation by studying their distribution, marking habitat selection, coexistence with other predators, and wild prey-livestock-predator interaction | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Conservation Biology in Asia | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 184-196 | ||
| Keywords | Himalaya, Nepal, ecology, snow leopard, Uncia uncia, prey, livestock, predator | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard (Uncia uncial) is a flagship species of the Himalaya. Very few studies have been done on the ecology of this species in the Himalaya. This paper presents an overview of four studies conducted on snow leopards in Nepal and India, dealing with various aspects of snow leopard ecology including their status assessment, making behaviour, habitat selection, food habits, and impact on livestock. The information generated by these studies is useful in planning effective conservation and management strategies for this endangered top predator of high mountains. | ||||
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| Notes | Paper 12; From: Pages 184-196 of Conservation Biology in Asia (2006) McNeely, J.A., T. M. McCarthy, A. Smith, L.Olsvig-Whittaker, and E.D. Wikramanayake (editors). Published by the Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section and Resources Himalaya, Kathmandu, Nepal, 455 pp. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1130 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | A radio-telemetry study of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Nepal with emphasis on conservation and predator-prey relations | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | March | Pages | ||
| Keywords | snow leopard, Nepal, conservation, radio telemetry, prey | ||||
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| Notes | Draft | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1260 | ||
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| Author | Gronberg, E. | ||||
| Title | Movement patterns of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) around kills based on GPS location clusters | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow leopard, Panthera, Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, predator, prey, kill, behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Research concerning movement patterns of wild animals has been advancing since GPS technology arrived. But studying the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is still difficult because of the harsh territory it inhabits in Central Asia. This study took place in south Gobi, Mongolia, and aimed to estimate the time spent at kills and the maximum distance away from kills between visits. Snow leopards were monitored with GPS collars that took a location every five or seven hours. Potential kill sites were established by identifying clusters of GPS-locations in ArcGIS and visited in the field for confirmation. ArcGIS was used to calculate the distance between cluster and GPS-locations. I used two buffer zones (100 m and 500 m radius) to define the time snow leopards spent at kills. It was found that snow leopard age and prey category affected time spent at kills and also that snow leopard sex together with prey category affected the maximum distance moved away from kills between visits. Season had no significant effect on either time at kills or distance moved away from kills between visits. Snow leopards spent on average 3.2 days at their kills in the 100 m buffer zone and 3.5 days at their kills in the 500 m buffer zone. Subadults stayed longer at kills than adults and animals of both age categories spent longer time on larger prey. The mean maximum distance moved away from kills between visits was 179 m in the 100 m buffer zone and 252 m in the 500 m buffer zone. Female snow leopards moved further away from kills between visits than male snow leopards. Both the number of days spent on kills and maximum distance moved away from kills between visits increased when kills consisted of more than one animal. This study has provided some basic information on snow leopard behaviors around their kills but also highlights the need to monitor more snow leopards before more solid conclusions can be drawn as this study was based on based on a relatively small sample. | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Master's thesis | |||
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| Notes | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1301 | ||
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| Author | Chalise, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Prey Species and Outreach in Langtang National, Park, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Our Nature | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 9 | Pages | 138-145 | |
| Keywords | Snow leopard, Langtang, prey species, threats, outreach. | ||||
| Abstract | Presence of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Langtang National Park was obscure till 2003. It was confirmed by a research team trained for the wildlife biology in the field. Along with the study of ecology and behavior of snow leopard sufficient effort were made to generate data on pre species. The study also dealt with threat perceived for the leopard survival while basic unit of conservation- local outreach programs were also initiated. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1388 | ||
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| Author | Maheshwari, A., Sharma, D., Sathyakumar, S. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard (Panthera Uncia) surveys in the Western Himalayas, India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Journal of Ecology and Natural Environmnet | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 303-309 |
| Keywords | Conflict, Himalayas, livestock depredation, prey, snow leopard, habitat, Uttarakhand. | ||||
| Abstract | We conducted surveys above 3000 m elevation in eight protected areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. These surveys provide new information on snow leopard in Uttarakhand on the basis of indirect evidence such as pugmark and scat. Snow leopard evidence (n = 13) were found between 3190 and 4115 m elevation. On an average, scats (n = 09) of snow leopard were found for every 56 km walked and pugmarks (n = 04) for every 126 km walked. Altogether, about 39% of the evidence were found on the hill-slope followed by valley floor (30%), cliff (15%) and 8% from both stream bed and scree slope. Genetic analysis of the scats identified three different individuals by using snow leopard specific primers. Snow leopard-human conflicts were assessed through questionnaire based interviews of shepherds from Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve areas of Uttarakhand. Surveys revealed that livestock depredation (mule, goat and sheep) is the only cause of snow leopard-human conflicts and contributed 36% of the diet of snow leopard. Blue sheep and rodents together comprised 36.4% of the total diet. We found that 68.1% of the surveyed area was used for pastoral activities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and 12.3% area was under tourism, defence and developmental activities. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1401 | ||
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| Author | Lyngdoh, S.,Shrotriya, S.,Goyal, S. P.,Clements, H.,Hayward, M. W.,Habib, B. | ||||
| Title | Prey Preferences of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia): Regional Diet Specificity Holds Global Significance for Conservation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Plos One | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 1-11 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, prey species, prey consumption | ||||
| Abstract | The endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km2 globally. Throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. We reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. We calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1696 analysed scats from throughout the snow leopard’s range. Prey biomass consumed was calculated based on the Ackerman’s linear correction factor. We identified four distinct physiographic and snow leopard prey type zones, using cluster analysis that had unique prey assemblages and had key prey characteristics which supported snow leopard occurrence there. Levin’s index showed the snow leopard had a specialized dietary niche breadth. The main prey of the snow leopard were Siberian ibex (Capra sibrica), blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), argali (Ovis ammon) and marmots (Marmota spp). The significantly preferred prey species of snow leopard weighed 5565 kg, while the preferred prey weight range of snow leopard was 36–76 kg with a significant preference for Siberian ibex and blue sheep. Our meta-analysis identified critical dietary resources for snow leopards throughout their distribution and illustrates the importance of understanding regional variation in species ecology; particularly prey species that have global implications for conservation. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1406 | ||
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| Author | Ferretti, F., Lovari, S., Minder, I., Pellizzi, B. | ||||
| Title | Recovery of the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt.Everest) National Park: effects on main prey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | European Journal of Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 60 | Pages | 559-562 | |
| Keywords | Predator–prey relationships . Small populations . Snow leopard . Himalayan tahr | ||||
| Abstract | Consequences of predation may be particularly heavy on small populations of herbivores, especially if they are threatened with extinction. Over the 2006–2010 period, we documented the effects of the spontaneous return of the endangered snow leopard on the population of the vulnerable Himalayan tahr. The study area was an area of central Himalaya where this cat disappeared c. 40 years before, because of persecution by man. Snow leopards occurred mainly in areas close to the core area of tahr distribution. Tahr was the staple (56.3 %) of snow leopards. After the arrival of this cat, tahr decreased by more than 2/3 from 2003 to 2010 (mainly through predation on kids). Subsequently, the density of snow leopards decreased by 60%from2007 to 2010. The main prey of snow leopards in Asia (bharal, marmots) were absent in our study area, forcing snow leopards to specialize on tahr. The restoration of a complete prey spectrum should be favoured through reintroductions, to conserve large carnivores and to reduce exploitation of small populations of herbivores, especially if threatened. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1408 | ||
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| Author | Johansson, O., McCarthy, T., Samelius, G., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard predation in a livestock dominated landscape in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 184 | Issue | Pages | 251-258 | |
| Keywords | Gobi desert, GPS collar, Kill rate, Panthera uncial, Prey choice, Wildlife conflict | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock predation is an important cause of endangerment of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) across its range. Yet, detailed information on individual and spatio-temporal variation in predation patterns of snow leopards and their kill rates of livestock and wild ungulates are lacking. We collared 19 snow leopards in the Tost Mountains, Mongolia, and searched clusters of GPS positions to identify prey remains and estimate kill rate and prey choice. Snow leopards killed, on average, one ungulate every 8 days, which included more wild prey (73%) than livestock (27%), despite livestock abundance being at least one order of magnitude higher. Predation on herded livestock occurred mainly on stragglers and in rugged areas where animals are out of sight of herders. The two wild ungulates, ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon), were killed in proportion to their relative abundance. Predation patterns changed with spatial (wild ungulates) and seasonal (livestock) changes in prey abundance. Adult male snow leopards killed larger prey and 2–6 times more livestock compared to females and young males. Kill rates were considerably higher than previous scat-based estimates, and kill rates of females were higher than kill rates of males. We suggest that (i) snow leopards prey largely on wild ungulates and kill livestock opportunistically, (ii) retaliatory killing by livestock herders is likely to cause greater mortality of adult male snow leopards compared to females and young males, and (iii) total off-take of prey by a snow leopard population is likely to be much higher than previous estimates suggest. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1420 | ||
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