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Author |
Koshkarev E.P. |
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Title |
Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1990 |
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Part. 1. |
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97-98 |
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Kazakhstan; Southern Siberia; Central Asia; Talass ridge; Chatkal ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Hissar ridge; species range; key sites; snow leopard; nature reserves.; 7260; Russian |
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The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures. |
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Full text available in Russian
Journal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection. |
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SLN @ rana @ 704 |
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560 |
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Author |
Kamelin, R.V. |
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Title |
Gissar Nature Reserve. The reserves in Middle Asia and Kazakstan |
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Book Whole |
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1990 |
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kazakstan; asia; Gissar; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; protected-area; Kazakhstan; browse; protected area; 2570; Russian |
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Moscow |
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Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 162 |
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513 |
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Author |
Saparbayev; S.K.; Woodward, D.B. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) as an Indicator Species and Increasing Recreation Loads in the Almaty Nature Reserve |
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2008 |
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Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows i |
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511-515 |
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snow leopard (Uncia uncia),Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica),Almaty Nature Reserve,Kazakhstan,ecotrail; 200 |
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the data on ecology, biology and dynamics of snow leopard population in the Almaty Nature Reserve and to identify if the increasing numbers of ecotourists could contribute to the decrease of Uncia uncia population. The results of the study show that increasing recreation loads in the Reserve and adjacent territories elevate the disturbance level to the snow leopard's main prey Siberian Ibex and to the predator itself that could result in a decrease of population of this endangered species or its total extinction. |
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Conference in Montecatini Terme, Italy. 14-19 October 2008. Proceedings edited by Antonio Raschi and Sonia Trampetti. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 882 |
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843 |
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Author |
Satimbekov R. |
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Title |
Nature reserves of Kazakhstan and protection of rare predatory animal species |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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64-65 |
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Kazakhstan; protected areas; snow leopard.; 8090; Russian |
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There are 20 snow leopards in the Aksu-Djabagly nature reserve, and three four families in the Alma-Ata nature reserve. Single snow leopards are known to be met in the Markakol nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 787 |
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847 |
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Author |
Riddell, Mand L.G. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 |
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2004 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730 |
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This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:
ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity
ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers
ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching
ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently
ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions
ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders
ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region
ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region
Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan
Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains
Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations
More government fund for the Institute of Zoology
Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard
survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.
This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and
distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.
The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol). |
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SLN @ rana @ 283 |
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816 |
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Author |
Rashek V.A. |
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Title |
The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1980 |
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157-161 |
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Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Chatkal nature reserve; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; landscape; flora; fauna; birds; mammals; rare species; snow leopard.; 8040; Russian |
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It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 782 |
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806 |
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Author |
Proskuryakov M.A. |
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Title |
Almaty nature reserve |
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1969 |
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459-464 |
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Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; landscape; flora; fauna; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8010; Russian |
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A description of the Almaty nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 39 mammals and 117 birds. Snow leopard, wild ibex, brown bear, lynx, wild boar, red deer, wolf, fox etc. inhabited in the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 779 |
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796 |
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Prokopov K.P. |
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Title |
The Red Data Book of vertebrate animals in eastern Kazakhstan |
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2003 |
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26-28 |
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Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan; Red Data book; categories of threat; rare species; snow leopard; nature conservation; nature reserves.; 8000; Russian |
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After the inventory of all rare and endangered species the categories of threat in the Red Data Book of eastern Kazakhstan has changed for most of the species: 24 species were referred to category 1 (endangered species) (in Kazakhstan's Red Data Book 14 species); 26 (14) species to category 2 (decreasing species); 11 (24) to category 3 (rare); and 1 (3) to category 5 (rehabilitated). There are three nature reserves in the region: Markakol, West Alatai, and Alakol to protect wild vertebrate animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecosphere: Eastern Kazakhstan information and analytical journal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 778 |
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795 |
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Prokopov K.P. |
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Title |
Taxonomic list of mammal fauna of eastern Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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Vol. I. |
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92-93 |
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Kazakhstan; Altai; Zaisan valley; Saur-Tarbagatai; mammals; snow leopard.; 7990; Russian |
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During the period 1965 through 1988, studies were conducted in the north-east of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan's Altai, Zaisan depression, Saur-Tarbagatai) and list of mammals (104 species) for the area made. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of V Congress mammalogy' society of the Academy of Science of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 777 |
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794 |
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Author |
Plakhov K.N. |
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Title |
Menzbier's marmot in Kazakhstan |
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2002 |
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106-109 |
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Kazakhstan; Menzbier's marmot; predators; snow leopard.; 7900; Russian |
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Menzbier's marmot is preyed on by snow leopard, bear, wolf, fox, bearded vulture, golden eagle, black vulture, and raven. A harm caused by the predators to the Kazakhstan population of marmot made up 2,000 3,000 in 2001. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological studies in Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 768 |
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774 |
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Author |
Oruntaeva K.B. |
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The Zailiyskiy natural national park |
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1988 |
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71-86 |
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Kazakhstan; Zaaliyskiy national park; establishment; fauna; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7810; Russian |
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The Zailiyskiy state natural national park is suggested to establish in the center of northern micro slope of Zailiyskiy Alatau. There are 42 mammal, 138 bird, tow amphibian, and eight reptile and fish species, and 145 daylight butterfly species in the Zailiyskiy Alatay. Of them, seven mammal species such as argali, Tien Shan bear, snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, stone marten, Central Asian otter, and Indian porcupine are included in the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan and USSR. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: New nature reserves of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 759 |
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755 |
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Author |
Loginov, O. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakstan |
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1997 |
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39-41 |
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kazakstan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Cites; Almaty; conservation; status; distribution; protected-area; Kazakhstan; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; protected; area; 2500 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 317 |
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625 |
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Loginov O. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan |
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1995 |
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39-41 |
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Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian |
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Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported
from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. |
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SLN @ rana @ 737 |
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623 |
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Kuznetzov B.A. |
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Felidae |
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1948 |
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Vol.13 (XXVIII) |
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88-89 |
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Kazakhstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7490; Russian |
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The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 727 |
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602 |
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Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E.; Bikova, E.; Esipov, A. |
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Regional Meeting on the Protection of Snow Leopard |
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Aksu-Jabagly; protected-area; parks; reserves; refuge; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; workshops; Nabu; Islt; irbis; Uzbekistan; Sacred-Earth-Network; Sen; Russia; conservation; habitat; poaching; bones; hunting; skins; pelts; fur; coats; medicine; trade; prey-species; status; kazakstan; protected; area; sacred; earth; network; prey; species; browse; aksu; jabagly; 3970 |
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Full Text at URL: Uzbekistan Zoological Society (Participants of the workshop) |
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SLN @ rana @ 5 |
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592 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Mammal – Mammalia |
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1987 |
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154 |
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Kazakhstan; mammals; snow leopard.; 7410; Russian |
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In Kazakhstan 160 species of mammal are inhabited. The snow leopard is rare and poor known inhabitant of highly mountain regions of republic. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Kazakhstan in photos. |
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SLN @ rana @ 719 |
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588 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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About the necessity to alter the border of Aksu Jabagly nature reserve |
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2001 |
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Vol. 8. |
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15-23 |
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Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; endemics; endangered species; widening; improvement of protection.; 7430; Russian |
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An extension of the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve is suggested in order to improve effectiveness of rare and endemic species conservation in the West Tien Shan. The existing area of the nature reserve is large enough for conservation and reproduction of most of the large mammal species such as ibex, bear, wild boar, snow leopard; the area is however insufficient for species such as Tien Shan argali, roe-deer, whose seasonal migrations extend beyond the area of the nature reserve, as well as Menzbier's marmot a rare endemic to the West Tien Shan, whose habitat is situated 10 15 km from the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (the Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. |
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SLN @ rana @ 721 |
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587 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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The Aksu Jabagly nature reserve |
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1990 |
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80-102 |
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Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 7420; Russian |
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It provides general information about the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve (Kazakhstan), its physico-geographical features, description of flora and fauna. The rarest predator of the nature reserve is snow leopard. Its population is about 10 pairs. Its distribution and behavioral patterns are correlated with its main prey ibex. In the past, snow leopard used to be a common species for the Talas Ala-Tau. Today its number has reduced. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 720 |
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586 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan |
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1982 |
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56-58 |
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Kazakhstan; Red Data book; protected areas; snow leopard.; 7390; Russian |
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Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of All-Union Symposium “Mountainous geosystems of intracontinental deserts and semi-deserts”. |
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SLN @ rana @ 717 |
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585 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Title |
Snow leopard. Uncia uncia |
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1985 |
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85-86 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian |
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In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 718 |
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584 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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About representativeness of terrain vertebrate fauna in the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve for the whole West Tien Shan region |
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2001 |
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Vol.8. |
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97-99 |
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Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7380; Russian |
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Mammals inhabiting the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve make up 79.6 percent of the whole mammal fauna of the West Tien Shan. The following endangered species live in the area: argali, brown bear, dhole, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, stone marten, porcupine, and free-toiled bat. Snow leopard deserves a special attention. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (the Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. |
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SLN @ rana @ 716 |
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583 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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The conservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species in nature reserves of the Kazakh SSR |
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1984 |
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5-7 |
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Kazakhstan; endangered species; distribution; protected areas.; 7370; Russian |
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Five endangered predatory mammal species are protected in nature reserves of Kazakhstan. Of which snow leopard and stone marten can be met in all mountain nature reserves, while Tien Shan bear and Turkistan lynx in the Alma-Ata and Aksu-Djabagly nature reserves. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Study and protection of wildlife objects. |
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SLN @ rana @ 715 |
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582 |
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Zhirjakov, V.A. |
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On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) |
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1990 |
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Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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25-30 |
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Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 |
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Full text available at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 168 |
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1078 |
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Riddell, M. |
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Newcastle University’s Snow leopard Research Expedition Report: Kazakhstan 2004 |
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2004 |
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Kazakhstan, Dzhungarian, |
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This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously
to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions.
The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard
wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing.
The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other
areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards.
The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snow leopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990’s over-hunting period.
Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people’s incentives to lower hunting levels. |
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Upper Chesthill Cottage, Glen Lyon, Aberfeldy, Perthshire, PH15 2NH, Scotland |
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Newcastle University |
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Scotland |
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Zhatkanbayev, A., Dosov, N. |
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Natural death of a snow leopard close to Almaty megapolis |
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2009 |
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Teriofauna of Qazaqstan and neighboring countries (the materials of international science conference “The problems of research, conservation and sustainable use for teriofauna of Qazastan and neighboring countries” |
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168-170 |
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Kazakhstan, snow leopard, Almaty |
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About natural dead case of Snow leopard close to Almaty megapolis.
Published in special edition as named “Teriofauna of Qazaqstan and neighboring countries (the materials of international science conference ”The problems of research, conservation and sustainable use for teriofauna of Qazastan and neighboring countries“, November, 15-16, 2009, Almaty)” under supervision of the Institute of Zoology, Center of Biological Research, Committee of Science, Ministry of Education and Science, The Republic of Qazaqstan. |
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