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Author Linnell, J.; Swenson, J.; Landa A.; and Kvam, T.
Title Methods for monitoring European large carnivores – A worldwide review of relevant experience Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication NINA Oppdragsmelding Abbreviated Journal
Volume 549 Issue Pages 1-38
Keywords carnivore; monitoring; census; bear; Lynx; wolf; wolverine; 5310
Abstract Against a background of recovering large carnivore populations in Norway, and many other areas of Europe, it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to monitor their populations. A variety of parameters can monitored depending on objectives. These parameters include: presence/absense, distribution, population trend indices, minimum counts, statistical estimates of population size, reproductive parameters and health/condition. Three broad categories of monitoring techniques can be recognised each with increasing levels of fieldwork required. The first category includes those techniques that do not require original fieldwork. The second category involves fieldwork, but where individually recognisable carnivores are not available. The third category includes methods where fieldwork has recognisable individuals available. Different mehtods tend to have been used for different species, mainly because of limitations imposed by the different species' ecology. The most precise estimates of population size have been obtained in research projects with relatively small study sites and with the help of radio-telemetry. However, it may be difficult, or impossible, to apply these methods over large monitoring areas. Therefore, in terms of practical management, a combination of minimum counts, supported by an independent index may be more useful than statistical population estimates. All methods should be subject to a careful design process, and power analysis should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method to detect changes.

Based on the review of over 200 papers and reports we recommend a package of complementary monitoring methods for brown bear, wolverine, lynx and wolf in Norway. These include the use of observations from the public and reports of predation on livestock to determine broad patterns of distribution, and an index based on hunter observations per hunting day, for all four species. Minimum counts of reproductive units, natal dens, family groups, and packs, should be obtained from snow-tracking for wolverines, lynx and wolves respectively. In addition a track-count index should be obtained for wolverines and lynx. As much data as possible should be obtained of lynx and wolvereines killed in the annual harvest. Brown bears will be difficult to monitor without the use of radio-telemetry, therfore they may require periodic telemetry based, mark-recapture studies. Such a program can easily be constructed within existing central and regional wildlife management structures, but will require extensive involvement from hunters.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 516 Serial 622
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Author Loginov O.
Title Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1995 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 39-41
Keywords Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian
Abstract Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported

from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 737 Serial 623
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Author Loginov, O.
Title Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakstan Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 39-41
Keywords kazakstan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Cites; Almaty; conservation; status; distribution; protected-area; Kazakhstan; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; protected; area; 2500
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 317 Serial 625
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Author Lui, C.-guang; Zheng, C.-wu; Ren, J.-rang
Title Research Foods and Food Sources About Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 31 Issue Pages 154-159
Keywords research; foods; food; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese; deer; kiang; argali; Qinghai; gansu; Sichuan; Comparative; congruence; species; distribution; variation
Abstract During 1984-1987, 1992-1995, and 1998-2001, the author researched snow leopard, white lipped deer, kiang, and argali in Qinghai, Gansu, Xingiang, and Sichuan. He collected 644 snow leopard droppings, and analyzed kinds of foods and sources from perch. Snow leopard's foods include most main foods, main foods, comparative foods and lesser foods. Studied one another

index of faunistic congruence of foods species that from various distribution and variation both perch vertical variety and foods of snow leopard.
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Notes Full text available in Chinese. Periodical: Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 877 Serial 626
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Author Lukarevskiy V.S.
Title Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 200
Keywords Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian
Abstract It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 738 Serial 627
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Author Lutz, H.; Isenbugel, E.; Lehmann, R.
Title Retrovirus serology in snow leopards and other wild felids in European zoos Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 203-208
Keywords veterinary; medicine; retrovirus-serology; retoviruses; pathogens; leukemia; spumavirus; anemia; neoplasia; immune-suppression; gingivitus; browse; retrovirus serology; retrovirus; serology; immune suppression; immune; suppression; 3460
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 243 Serial 628
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Author Ma, J.Z.
Title Wildlife Management Type Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords 5500
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Publisher North-eastern Forestry University Press Place of Publication Harbin Editor
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 534 Serial 631
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Author Machado, C.; Brown, P.; Turner, R.
Title Dental crown restorations on a snow leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Journal Of Zoo Animal Medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages 146-150
Keywords dentistry; veterinary; medical; medicine; zoo; zoos; captivity; browse; 1560
Abstract In the spring of 1983 the San Francisco Zoo received a female snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as part of an exotic animal exchange program with the People's Republic of China. Upon examination, it was found that this nine-yea old, seventy-five pound, wild-trapped animal had sustained considerable dental injuries, including fractures of all maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The purpose of this paper is to describe the dental procedures undertaken to restore the physiological function of all four canines.
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Notes Addresses:MACHADO C, SAN FRANCISCO ZOO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 74 Serial 633
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Author Mainka, S.A.
Title Revision of a Total Hip Replacement in a Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords veterinary; surgery; hip-replacement; medical; captivity; browse; 4250
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Publisher ISLT and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication Usa Editor H.Freeman
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Notes full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 413 Serial 638
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Author Malik, M.M.
Title The Current Status of Snow Leopards and Their Prey Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Pakistan Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 11-20
Keywords Pakistan; predator; prey; predation; livestock; research; monitoring; park; parks; refuge; Slims; conservation; poaching; hunting; furs; pelts; ecology; behavior; law; laws; education; herder; herders; status; protected-area; browse; protected areas; protected area; area; areas; protected; 2130
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ashiq
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 318 Serial 641
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