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Din, J. U., Bari, F., Ali, H., Rehman, E. U., Adli, D. S. H., Abdullah, N. A., Norma-Rashid, Y., Kabir, M., Hameed, S., Nawaz, D. A., Nawaz, M. A. |
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Title |
Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
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Nature Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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46 |
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49-62 |
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conflict, illegal trade, northern Pakistan, pelt, poaching; retaliatory killing |
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The snow leopard is one of the highly valued species from high-altitude mountain ecosystems of Central and Southeast Asia, including Pakistan. This keystone species is facing a myriad of conventional and emerging threats, including poaching and trade, that are poorly documented in Pakistan. To understand the dynamics and drivers of the poaching and trading of snow leopards in Pakistan, we investigated the issue in depth through a multifaceted survey in the snow leopard range of the country. We recorded 101 snow leopard poaching incidences from 11 districts during 2005–2017. The reported poaching incidences varied spatially (‒x = 9 ± 2.6 [95% Cl: 3–15]) and temporally (‒x = 7.8 ± 1.09) and accounted for 2–4% annual population loss (n = 200–420) in a period of 13 years. Poaching and trade together constituted 89% of the total incidence reported and animals were mostly shot (66%), poisoned (12%), snared (12%) and captured (4%), respectively. Only a fraction (3%) of the incidences were reported to the relevant law enforcement agencies. Trade routes included large cities and neighbouring countries, even the Middle East and Europe. The average base and end prices for each item were 245 ± 36 USD and 1,736 ± 520 USD, respectively, while maximum monetary fines set as per the law were 275 USD. Our results establish the need for developing multi-stakeholder coordination mechanisms at regional, national and international levels and information sharing to curb this menace. Improving the existing laws and surveillance system, while taking the local communities onboard, will further help to this end. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1672 |
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Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S. |
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Title |
Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal |
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2023 |
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Wildlife Research |
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1-9 |
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Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf. |
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In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.
Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.
Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.
Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1732 |
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Arias, M., Coals, P., Ardiantiono, Elves-Powell, J., Rizzolo, J. B., Ghoddousi, A., Boron, V., da Silva, M., Naude, V., Williams, V., Poudel, S., Loveridge, A., Payan, E., Suryawanshi, K., Dickman, A. |
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Reflecting on the role of human-felid conflict and local use in big cat trade |
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2024 |
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Conservation Science and Practice |
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6 |
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e13030 |
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1-7 |
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conflict, illegal trade, jaguar, leopard, lion, Panthera, snow leopard, tiger, wildlife crime |
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Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under-considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human-felid conflict, and “local” use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of “local” use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts. |
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1745 |
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Ishunin G.I. |
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Cats |
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Miscellaneous |
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1964 |
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37-43 |
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Uzbekistan; South Uzbekistan; Cats; distribution; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 6950; Russian |
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It provides information about the cat family species in Uzbekistan (steppe cat Felis libyca, reed cat Felis chaus, Turkistan lynx Felis lynx isabellina, manul Felis manul, sand cat Felis margarita, Turan tiger Felis tigris virgata, Middle Asia leopard Felis pardus tullianus, and snow leopard Felis uncia. Snow leopard is distributed over the Hissar ridge, and the mountains of Kuydytavak, Khoddjachilimakhram, Zardalyupaz, Khodjapiriyah and Belata. Trade significance of snow leopard is negligent. In the Sary-Asia district one skin was traded in 1934 and 1935, three in 1936, four in 1937, one in 1946, and two in 1947. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology and economic value of vertebrate animals in south Uzbekistan (the Syrdarya river basin). |
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SLN @ rana @ 673 |
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419 |
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Anonymous |
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A snow leopard conservation plan for Mongolia |
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Report |
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2000 |
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1-8 |
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awareness; behaviour; biodiversity; conservation plan; decline; density; ecology; fund-raising; funding; habitat degradation; Himalayan; management; Mongolia; montane; pastoralists; pelt; predator; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; snow leopard; trade; Wwf |
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The snow leopard faces multiple threats in the Himalayan region, from habitat degradation, loss of prey, the trade in pelts, parts and live animals, and conflict with humans, primarily pastoralists. Consequently, the populations are considered to be in decline and the species is listed as Endangered in the IUCN's Red List. As a 'flagship' and 'umbrella' species the snow leopard can be a unifying biological feature to raise awareness of its plight and the need for conservation, which will benefit other facets of Himalayan biodiversity as well. Some studies of snow leopards have been conducted in the Himalayan region. But, because of its elusive nature and preference for remote and inaccessible habitat, knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of this mystical montane predator is scant. The available information, however, suggests that snow leopards occur at low densities and large areas of habitat are required to conserve a viable population. Thus, many researchers and conservationists have advocated landscape-scale approaches to conservation within a regional context, rather than focusing on individual protected areas.This regional strategy for WWF's snow leopard conservation program is built on such an approach. The following were identified as important regional issues: 1) international trade in snow leopards and parts; 2) the human-snow leopard conflict; 3) the need for a landscape approach to conservation to provide large spatial areas that can support demographically and ecologically viable snow leopard metapopulations; 4) research on snow leopard ecology to develop long-term, science-based conservation management plans; and 5) regional coordination and dialog. While the issues are regional, the WWF's in the region have developed 5-year strategic actions and activities, using the regional strategies as a touchstone, which will be implemented at national levels. The WWF's will develop proposals based on these strategic actions, with estimated budgets, for use by the network for funding and fund-raising. WWF also recognizes the need to collaborate and coordinate within the network and with other organizations in the region to achieve conservation goals in an efficient manner, and will form a working group to coordinate activities and monitor progress. |
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Publication date unknown but must be at least from 2000. |
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SLN @ rana @ 995 |
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92 |
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Anonymous |
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Livestock Predation Control Workshop |
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1999 |
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Lahul-Spiti; Ladakh; Hemis; parks; reserves; refuge; protected-area; argali; abix; blue-sheep; wolves; distribution; status; population; poaching; hunting; trade; skins; livestock; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; prey-depletion; herders; habitat; habitat-degradation; tourism; Tmi; Islt; predator; prey; conflict; compensation; trekking; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; depletion; degradation; international snow leopard trust; 3940 |
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Full Text at URLDate of Meeting: Ladakh (1999 Oct 6- Oct 10 ) |
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86 |
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Anonymous |
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International Specialists Discuss China's Threatened Cats |
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1992 |
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China; Iucn; habitat; predator; prey; livestock; herders; conflict; hunting; poaching; trapping; bones; medicine; trade; development; Slims; Cites; protected-areas; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; browse; protected; areas; 3990 |
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Full text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 186 |
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80 |
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Anonymous |
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Central Asian Republic Snow Leopard Specialists Plan Joint Conservation Strategy |
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Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Russia; Asia-Irbis; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tajikistan; poaching; habitat; habitat-degradation; trade; skins; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; status; hunting; ibex; marmots; Islt; Gyssar; Nabu; Wwf; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; degradation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; asia; irbis; 3950 |
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Full text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 1 |
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75 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Snow Leopards in Mongolia |
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2000 |
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Mongolia; distribution; status; irbis; irbis-enterprises; herders; livestock; economy; conservation; gobi; habitat; Disease; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; hunting; poaching; skins; pelts; coats; furs; bones; trade; Macne; habitat-fragmentation; browse; enterprises; fragmentation; habitat fragmentation; 4090 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 383 |
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662 |
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Ammosov, B. |
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Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis |
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1973 |
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92-93 |
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Central Asia; natural zones; snow leopard; distribution; habitats; number; trade.; 6010; Russian |
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All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting industry of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 580 |
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69 |
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Aizin B.M. |
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Rare predatory mammal species and their protection in Kyrgyzstan |
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1979 |
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Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5910; Russian |
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Snow leopard is met in all mountain ridges in Kyrgyzstan. Every year 7 10 animals are caught for the purpose of zoo export. Total population of snow leopard in the country does not exceed 1,400 animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of predatory mammals' protection and sustainable use. |
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SLN @ rana @ 570 |
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46 |
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Freeman, H.; Jackson, R.; Hillard, R.; Hunter, D.O. |
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Project Snow Leopard: a multinational program spearheaded by the International Snow Leopard Trust |
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1994 |
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241-245 |
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Project-snow-leopard; biodiversity; conservation; protected-areas; parks; park; refuge; reserve; habitat; status; predator; prey; livestock; herders; poaching; hunting; skins; pelts; coats; fur; bones; medicine; management; livestock-depredation; trade; corridors; trans-boundry; project; protected-area; protected; area; areas; livestock depredation; depredation; browse; 2780 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; Jizeng, D. |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 221 |
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324 |
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Jackson, R.; Zongyi, W.; Xuedong, L.; Yun, C. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve of Tibet Autonomous Region |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
85-95 |
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Keywords |
Qomolangma; protected-area; parks; preserves; refuge; Nepal; Tibet; China; field-study; blue-sheep; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; pug-marks; sign; transects; interviews; herders; livestock; predation; predator; traps; trapping; habitat; status; distribution; threats; hunting; pelts; skins; fur; coats; poaching; bones; medicine; Cites; conflict; trade; conservation; management; protected area; protected; area; areas; protected areas; field study; field; study; pug marks; blue; sheep; browse; pug; marks; 3490 |
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Publisher |
Islt |
Place of Publication |
Usa |
Editor |
J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Notes |
Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 231 |
Serial |
452 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kattel, B.; Bajimaya, S.S. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Nepal |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
21-27 |
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Keywords |
Nepal; conservation; status; management; predator; prey; blue-sheep; distribution; ecology; habitat; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; livestock; herders; Dogs; herder; yak; goat; hunting; poaching; bone; trade; fur; pelt; pelts; coats; bones; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; protected area; 2280 |
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Abstract |
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Publisher |
International Snow Leopard Trust |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson; A.Ashiq |
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Notes |
Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 316 |
Serial |
526 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Kogan M.I. |
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Title |
The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1931 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
47, 51-52,55-57, 59, 61-62. |
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Keywords |
Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Soviet Asia as a fur-trade region. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 694 |
Serial |
540 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E. |
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| |
Title |
Poaching in Former USSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Snow Line |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
xii |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
6-7 |
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Keywords |
Paoching; hunting; killing; pelts; furs; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; trade; skins; browse; 4610 |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
International Snow Leopard Trust |
Place of Publication |
Seattle |
Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 448 |
Serial |
562 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E. |
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Title |
What Has Happened to the Snow Leopard After the Break-Up of Soviet Union? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Snow Line |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
Xvi |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Kyrgyzstan; Tadzhikistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; poaching; hunting; capturing; pelts; skins; coats; furs; trade; status; distribution; bones; medicine; conservation; kazakstan; Tajikistan; browse; soviet; union; 4050 |
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Notes |
Full Text at URLEvgeniy Koshkarev, member of the Conservation Advisory Board of theInternational Snow Leopard TrustVitaly Vyrypaev, member of Asia-Irbis, International Research Group (this research was supported by Kathleen Braden, Valerie Trueblood, Bonnie and Dick Robbins (USA), Sacred Earth Network (USA), NABU (Germany). |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 380 |
Serial |
567 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Aizin B.M. |
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Title |
Distribution, number and seasonal behavioral patterns of Panthera uncia Scheber in Kyrgyzstan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1974 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
Vol. 1. |
Issue |
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Pages |
19-20 |
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Keywords |
Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; distribution; number; trade.; 5900; Russian |
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Abstract |
In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard can be met almost in all mountain ridges (Kok-Kiya, Atbasha, Kyrgyz, Terskey, Kungei, Talas, Chatkal, Alai, Zaalai), where it keeps to alpine meadow, woodless rock and snowfield zones. The number of snow leopard does not exceed 1,500 animals. Seven to 10 animals are annually caught for the needs of zoo-export. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the 1st international congress on mammals. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 569 |
Serial |
45 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
Mongolia; conservation; legal-status; Iunc; Cites; distribution; status; Altay; gobi; parks; preserves; habitat; reserves; refuge; protected-area; poaching; hunting; trade; furs; pelts; skins; coats; bones; trapping; livestock; herders; killing; habitat-fragmentation; threats; Disease; prey; diet; Mne; laws; education; management; Macne; Wwf; Islt; regulations; monitoring; Slims; tourism; conflict; browse; legal status; legal; protected; area; fragmentation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; 3890 |
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Abstract |
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Notes |
Full Text Available at URL: DRAFT |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 366 |
Serial |
657 |
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Author |
Barnes, L.J. |
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Title |
The Overt Illegal Fur Trade in Kathmandu, Nepal |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-17 |
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Keywords |
Nepal; illegal-trade; fur; coats; pelts; skins; browse; illegal; trade; 3160 |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
Iverness Research Associates |
Thesis |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Notes |
Unpublished report, Inverness Research Associates, P.O. Box 515, Iverness, California 94937; phone 415.669.1474 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 139 |
Serial |
118 |
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Author |
Kanderian, N., Lawson, D., Zahler, P. |
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Title |
Current status of wildlife and conservation in Afghanistan |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
International Journal of Environmental Studies |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
281-298 |
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Keywords |
Afghanistan; Biodiversity; Deforestation; Hunting; Illegal trade; Agriculture; Livelihood; Governance; Survey; Training |
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Abstract |
Afghanistan’s position in latitude, geography and at the intersection of three biogeographic realms has resulted in a surprising biodiversity. Its wildlife includes species such as the snow leopard, Asiatic black bear, Marco Polo sheep, markhor and greater flamingo. Principal threats include high levels of deforestation, land encroachment and hunting for food and trade. Continuing security issues have also made it difficult to monitor species abundance and population trends. Over the last decade, however, survey efforts have provided the first collection of species and habitat data since the late 1970s. Initial findings are enabling the Government and rural communities to begin implementing important conservation measures. This process has included policy development and protected area planning, promoting alternative livelihoods and responsible community management, and continuing research into the status of biodiversity in the field. |
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Address |
Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, New York, 10460, USA |
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Corporate Author |
Wildlife Conservation Society |
Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Language |
English |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1348 |
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Author |
Khan, J. |
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Title |
Availability of snow leopard pelt in Pakistan |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, Pakistan, pelt, wildlife trade |
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English |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1246 |
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Author |
Friends of the Earth |
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Title |
Like the coat? The last owner was killed in it. |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Wildlife |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
snow leopard, pelt, trade |
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Notes |
Advertisement |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1217 |
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Author |
Anonymous |
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Title |
Snow leopard in Mongolia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Pamphlet. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-27 |
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Keywords |
action plan, CCT, conservation, distribution, fur trade, habitat |
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Abstract |
This documents contains a review of the snow leopard's distribution, status and habitat in Mongolia, describes threats and conservation needs of the species, and outlines presently implemented actions. Five major threats are identified: 1) Poaching 2) loss of prey 3) degradation, fragmentation and loss of habitat 4) conflict with herders 5) lack of public awareness. Actions to mitigate the five major threats are recommended and future conservation priorities are set. |
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Corporate Author |
WWF Mongolia Country Office & International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Place of Publication |
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |
Editor |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1112 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Manati, A.R. |
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Title |
Fur trade of large cats and the question of the subspecies status of leopards in Afghanistan (Der Handel mit Fellen von Grosskatzen und die Abklärung der Unterartenfrage beim |
Type |
Book Whole |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
125 |
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Keywords |
fur trade, genetics, leopard, Panthera pardus, snow leopard, subspecies, Uncia uncia |
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Abstract |
Over a time of four years the bazars of Afghanistan were surveyed for furs of spotted wild cats, in particular leopards and snow leopards. In 2004 in Kabul a total of 28 furs of leopards were purchased by shopkeepers and 21 sold at an average price of 825 $. In the same year 25 furs of snow leopards were purchased and 19 sold to clients at an average price of 583 $. In 2006 at a single inspection double as many furs of leopards were found to be offered for sale in comparison to the whole year of 2004. Also prices had increased over the two years by 20 % to an average of 1037 $. Similarly the number of furs of snow leopards at 21 pieces was higher than in 2004, and the prices had increased to an average of 652 $. In 2007 investigations rendered more difficult, because the authorities had started to control the fur trade, and the results are not unequivocal. Clients were without any exception foreigners.
Surveys in 2004 in Mazar-e-Sharif, Kunduz, Takhar and Faiz Abad, in 2006 additionally in Baharak and Iskashem in the province of Badakhshan, revealed a regular trade in furs of spotted cats, however not as extensive as in Kabul. The most interesting finding was a fur of a cheetah in Mazar-e-Sharif, the first record of this species after 35 years.
From the surveys can be concluded that leopards still exist in the whole range of its distribution area in Afghanistan. However they don't allow any conclusion on the population size and its threat by hunting. In contrast to the leopard there exists a recent estimation of the population size of the snow leopard, saying that there are still 100 to 200 snow leopards living in Afghanistan. On the basis of these figures as well as the numbers of furs traded annually a Population and Habitat Viability Analysis was conducted. The result of this analysis is alarming. It has to be assumed that the snow leopard will be extinct in Afghanistan within the next ten years. To improve the protection of spotted cats in Afghanistan it needs both, a better implementation of the existing legislation as well as an awareness campaign among potential clients, i. e. foreigners living in Afghanistan.
The second part of this thesis deals with the question of subspecies of leopards in Afghanistan. Out of the 27 subspecies described four are believed to exist in Afghanistan. However, according to a molecularbiological revision of the species there occurs only one subspecies in Afghanistan, Panthera pardus saxicolor. To clarify the subspecies question various measures of furs had been taken in the bazars. The results revealed that the leopards in Afghanistan are the biggest of its species. However a further differentiation according to the area of origin within the country was not possible. Also the traditional differentiation on the basis of colours and patterns on the furs was not possible.
In contrast to the molecularbiological investigations published not only samples of zoo animals were available in this study but also samples from the wild. The own results confim that almost all leopards from Afghanistan and Iran belong to one and the same subspecies, P. p. saxicolor. Only in the most eastern part of Afghanistan, the Indian leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, can be found. The International Studbook for the Persian Leopard was analysed. The whole population derives from a few founder animals, which were imported in the midth fifties from Iran and in the late sixties from Afghanistan. To avoid inbreeding later on the Iranian and the Afghan lines were mixed. A female imported in 1968 from Kabul to Cologne is represented in each of the more than 100 today living animals.Mixing the two lines subsequently is justified by the genetic results of this study. Recently acquired animals from the Caucasus, however, should be tested genetically before integrating them into the zoo population. |
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Corporate Author |
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Publisher |
University of Köln |
Place of Publication |
Germany |
Editor |
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Language |
German |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1123 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
