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Author Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K.
Title The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication Mammalian Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult
Abstract Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography

and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia,

we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based

on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub

from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from

January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their

mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started

showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This

initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating

with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’

territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male

cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size

and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid

species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of

separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to

their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture

for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide

empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for

parameterizing population models.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1613
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Author Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V.
Title The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Doklady Biologicl Sciences Abbreviated Journal
Volume 425 Issue Pages 183-186
Keywords population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure
Abstract The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by

quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area
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Publisher Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Place of Publication Editor
Language (up) Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0012-4966 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1005 Serial 941
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Author Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N.
Title Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Adv.Etho Abbreviated Journal
Volume 33 Issue Pages 43
Keywords abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management
Abstract Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management.
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Notes WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 349 Serial 897
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Author Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H.
Title Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 74-83
Keywords behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 915 Serial 202
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Author Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S.
Title The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Wildlife Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 52
Keywords predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130
Abstract Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 291 Serial 876
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Author Dang, H.
Title The snow leopard and its prey Type Journal Article
Year 1967 Publication The Cheetal Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 47-58
Keywords India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330
Abstract Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 17 Serial 231
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Author Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R.
Title Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication J Reprod Fertil Abbreviated Journal
Volume 98 Issue 1 Pages 91-95
Keywords Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490
Abstract Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born.
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ISSN 0022-4251 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 204 Serial 874
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya Type Book Whole
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Himalaya; Pakistan; behavior; browse; 2260
Abstract Anecdotal description of wildlife field studies in the Himalaya, including information on snow leopard natural history and an encounter with snow leopards in Pakistan.
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Publisher Viking Press Place of Publication New York Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 63 Serial 865
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology) Type Book Whole
Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 146-159
Keywords sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology
Abstract Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior.
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Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 39 Serial 864
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Author Freeman, H.
Title Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 117-120
Keywords behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language (up) Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1029 Serial 318
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Author Fox, J.L.
Title Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 18
Keywords asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640
Abstract During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh.
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Notes AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 309 Serial 310
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title On meeting a Snow Leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1972 Publication Animal Kingdom Abbreviated Journal
Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 7-13
Keywords Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220
Abstract Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 23 Serial 861
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Author Fox, J.L.
Title A review of the status and ecology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords status; ecology; distribution; browse; behavior; Russia; China; Mongolia; Soviet-Union; Pakistan; India; Nepal; Afganastan; Bhutan; mating; sexual-behavior; research; surveys; scrapes; sprays; habitat; 2050
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Notes Full Text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 137 Serial 294
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Author Molyukov M.I.
Title Irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 74-81
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian
Abstract In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 749 Serial 703
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Author Razmakhnin V.E.
Title Siberian wild ibex Type Miscellaneous
Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 164-175
Keywords Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian
Abstract It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 783 Serial 810
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Author Zhirjakov, V.A.
Title On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue Pages 25-30
Keywords Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 168 Serial 1078
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Author Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P.
Title Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 234-235
Keywords Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian
Abstract Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 844 Serial 1069
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Author Yanfa, L.
Title The care, breeding and diseases of snow leopards in Qinghai, China Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 167-175
Keywords China; zoos; captivity; care; management; cages; cage; housing; behavior; reproduction; mating; courting; Pregnancy; birthing; estrus; development; medical; physiological; Disease; medicine; parasites; parasitism; respiratory; virulent; enteritis; browse; 3430
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 261 Serial 1048
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Author Yanfa, L.
Title Snow leopard distribution, purchase locations and conservation in Qinghai Province, China Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 65-72
Keywords conservation; Qinghai; China; scat; spray; kills; interviews; hunting; hunters; tracks; tracking; habitat; distribution; prey; livestock; blue-sheep; behavior; collection; blue; sheep; browse; 3400
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 260 Serial 1047
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Author Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
Title Captive Management of the Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 135-148
Keywords zoos; captivity; captive; management; husbandry; diet; social; behavior; housing; habitat; breeding; status; distribution; parasites; vaccination; quarantine; Disease; medical; veterinary; medicine; ceasarean; hand-rearing; browse; hand rearing; hand; rearing; 3550
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 265 Serial 1017
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Author Tserendeleg, J.
Title On Protection and Survey of Snow Leopards in Mongolia Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 43-46
Keywords Mongolia; transects; survey; habitat; conservation; distribution; irbis; herders; Altay; Altai; predator; prey; ibex; argali; hunting; pelts; skins; furs; coats; killing; behavior; activity; scrapes; feces; scat; sprays; mating; breeding; gestation; Pregnancy; browse; Macne; blood-sucking; poison; Blood; sucking; 2890
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 259 Serial 970
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Author Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S.
Title Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-9
Keywords Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf.
Abstract In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.

Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.

Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1732
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Author Nolte-Wilson, B.
Title Soveriegn of menaced realm: the snow leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Natura WWF-Pakistan Newsletter Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 3-9
Keywords Pakistan; browse; behavior; Chitrol-Gol; baiting; spays; pug; scrapes; habitat; 3130
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Notes Full Text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 171 Serial 723
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Author Sapozhnikov G.N.
Title Wild sheep in Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 199 p.
Keywords Tajikistan; urial; argali; taxonomy; morphology; variability; life history characteristics; distribution; number; diet; behavior; parasites; predators; snow leopard.; 8060; Russian
Abstract The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii).
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Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 784 Serial 845
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Author Sitnikov, P.
Title The Death of a Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 7-8
Keywords siberia; Ussr; Irkutsk; behavior; interaction; human-interaction; 4150
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Publisher Place of Publication Helsinki, Finland Editor L.Blomqvist
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Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow LeopardsDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 401 Serial 895
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