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	Author	Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K.
	Title	The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Mammalian Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult
	Abstract	Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1613
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Fitzherbert, A.
	Title	War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	38	Issue	1	Pages	102-105
	Keywords	Afghanistan; fur trade; human-wildlife conflict; hunting; Lynx; marco polo sheep; snow leopard; Wakhan; wolf; 5270
	Abstract	Prior to the last two decades of conflict, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor was considered an important area for conservation of the wildlife of high altitudes. We conducted an assessment of the status of large mammals in Wakhan after 22 years of conflict, and also made a preliminary assessment of wildlife trade in the markets of Kabul, Faizabad and Ishkashem. The survey confirmed the continued occurrence of at least eight species of large mammals in Wakhan, of which the snow leopard Uncia uncia and Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon are globally threatened. We found evidence of human-wildlife conflict in Wakhan due to livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf Canis lupus. Large mammals are hunted for meat, sport, fur, and in retaliation against livestock depredation. The fur trade in Kabul is a threat to the snow leopard, wolf, lynx Lynx lynx and common leopard Panthera pardus.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 512			Serial	694
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	Author	Wingard, J.R.; Zahler, P.
	Title	Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia			Type	Report
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-147
	Keywords	steppe; illegal; wildlife; trade; Mongolia; asia; environment; social; development
	Abstract	The current study in Mongolia is truly groundbreaking, in that it shows that the problem of commercial wildlife trade is also vast, unsustainable, and a major threat to wildlife populations in other areas. This paper's Executive Summary briefs the topics of wildlife trade in Mongolia, fur trade, medicinal trade, game meat trade, trophy and sport hunting, trade chains and markets, trade sustainability, impacts of wildlife trade on biodiversity conservation, impacts of trade on rural livelihoods, enabling wildlife management, and management recommendations. The main content of the paper includes: wildlife trade survey methods, a history of wildlife trade in Mongolia, wildlife take and trade today, enabling wildlife management, and recommendations and priority actions. The recommendations have been divided into six separate sections, including (1) cross-cutting recommendations, (2) international trade enforcement, (3) domestic trade enforcement, (4) hunting management, (5) trophy and sport hunting management, and (6) community-based approaches. Each section identifies short-term, long-term, and regulatory goals in order of priority within each subsection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	World Bank	Place of Publication	Washington D.C.	Editor	East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	English version. Mongolian language translation is also available in the SLN bibliography. Mongolia Discussion Papers. East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington D.C.: World Bank.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1057			Serial	1025
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	Author	Theile, S.
	Title	Fading Footprints: The Killing and Trade of Snow Leopards			Type	Report
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow; leopard; poaching; trade; traffic; Cites; endangered; hunting; 5130
	Abstract	Snow Leopards, in a genus of their own, are endangered big cats. They inhabit rugged, mountainous terrain, in 12 range States – Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There are regional differences in prey, but the cats' natural prey includes ungulates and rodents. The global population of Snow Leopards is estimated to be between about 4000 and 7000, but sharp declines in populations have been reported over the past decade from parts of the species's range. High levels of hunting for the animals' skins and for live animals, for zoos, during the last century contributed to the species's endangered status and, from the 1970s, legal measures were taken for its protection. In 1975, the species was listed in Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora) and in 1985 it became an Appendix-I species of the Convention of Migratory Species. It has been accorded nation-wide legal protection in almost every range State, in some cases since the 1970s. In spite of such provision, Snow Leopards have been hunted during the 1990s in numbers as high as at any time in the past and this killing continues in the present century. This report details the status of illegal poaching and trade in snow leopards in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Traffic International	Place of Publication	Caimbridge, UK	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 499			Serial	965
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Snow Leopard News Summer/ Fall 1999			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication	Snow Leopard News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	distribution; stutus; fur-trade; bones; medicine; conservation; enforcement; awareness; education; poaching; killing; hunting; web-of-life-poster; Slims; Nepal; field-study; Mongolia; prey; pelts; livestock; retaliatory-killing; habitat; browse; 4420
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle, WA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTable of Contents1.Conservation Challenges2.Education in Action: Posters Distributed in Mongolia and Bhutan3.5th SLIMS Workshop Held in Nepal4.News and Notes5.Thoughts From a Snow Leopard6.Snow Leopard Spot			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 430			Serial	927
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Trade Continues in Snow Leopard Skins			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication	Snowline	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	xiv	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	poaching; pelts; trade; asia; Pakistan; China; Kashgar; browse; 4550
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 443			Serial	924
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	Author	Nowell, K.
	Title	Markets for Snow Leopard Products			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	218-221
	Keywords	hunting; poaching; pelts; skins; trade; fur; coat; Cites; bones; medicine; livestock; browse; 3070
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiujmPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 322			Serial	730
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	Author	Wingard, J.R.; Zahler, P.
	Title	Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia			Type	Report
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-170
	Keywords	steppe; illegal; wildlife; trade; Mongolia; study; threat; populations; population; areas; area; fur; fur trade; fur-trade; game; meat; hunting; Chain; impact; biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; conservation; rural; livelihood; Wildlife-Management; management; survey; survey methods; methods; history; action; International; enforcement; domestic; community-based; approach
	Abstract	The current study in Mongolia is truly groundbreaking, in that it shows that the problem of commercial wildlife trade is also vast, unsustainable, and a major threat to wildlife populations in other areas. This paper's Executive Summary briefs the topics of wildlife trade in Mongolia, fur trade, medicinal trade, game meat trade, trophy and sport hunting, trade chains and markets, trade sustainability, impacts of wildlife trade on biodiversity conservation, impacts of trade on rural livelihoods, enabling wildlife management, and management recommendations. The main content of the paper includes: wildlife trade survey methods, a history of wildlife trade in Mongolia, wildlife take and trade today, enabling wildlife management, and recommendations and priority actions. The recommendations have been divided into six separate sections, including (1) cross-cutting recommendations, (2) international trade enforcement, (3) domestic trade enforcement, (4) hunting management, (5) trophy and sport hunting management, and (6) community-based approaches. Each section identifies short-term, long-term, and regulatory goals in order of priority within each subsection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	World Bank	Place of Publication	Washington, D.C.	Editor	East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Mongolian version. English language translation is also available in the SLN bibliography. Mongolia Discussion Papers. East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington D.C.: World Bank.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1079			Serial	1026
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	Author	Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E.; Bikova, E.; Esipov, A.
	Title	Regional Meeting on the Protection of Snow Leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Aksu-Jabagly; protected-area; parks; reserves; refuge; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; workshops; Nabu; Islt; irbis; Uzbekistan; Sacred-Earth-Network; Sen; Russia; conservation; habitat; poaching; bones; hunting; skins; pelts; fur; coats; medicine; trade; prey-species; status; kazakstan; protected; area; sacred; earth; network; prey; species; browse; aksu; jabagly; 3970
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URL: Uzbekistan Zoological Society (Participants of the workshop)			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 5			Serial	592
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	Author	Yanushevich A.I.
	Title	Status of hunting industry in Kyrgyzstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1969	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part. II.	Issue		Pages	110-113
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 8600; Russian
	Abstract	In Kyrgyz SSR, there are 26 fur animal species, including three acclimatized, six wild ungulate and 70 bird species. They all can serve as objects of commercial and sport hunting. 56 snow leopards, 120 wild boars, 96 roe-deers, 121 ibexes, and 14 argalis were caught 1962 1967. A majority of the animals were exported from the country. The Kyrgyz SSR is one of the main suppliers of snow leopards, hunting for which for the sake of its fur-skin is prohibited.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of conference “Capacity and production of game preserves in the USSR”.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 837			Serial	1053
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