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Author | Allen, P.; Macray, D. | ||||
Title | Snow Leopard Enterprises Description and Summarized Business Plan | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | snow; leopard; enterprises; buisness; plan; habitat; humans; conflict; irbis; products; wool; conservation; marketing; Mongolia; social; economic; conflicts; country; countries; socks; hats; gloves; 4890; Human; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; central; Central Asia; asia; ecosystem; region; populations; population; herders; herder; threat; potential; impact; environment; Elements; landscape; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; snow-leopard-enterprises | ||||
Abstract | The habitat for both humans and snow leopards in Central Asia is marginal, the ecosystem fragile. The struggle for humans to survive has often, unfortunately, brought them into conflict with the region's dwindling snow leopard populations. Herders commonly see leopards as a threat to their way of life and well-being. Efforts to improve the living conditions of humans must consider potential impacts on the environment. Likewise, conservation initiatives cannot ignore humans as elements of the landscape with a right to live with dignity and pride. Based on these principles, the International Snow Leopard Trust has developed a new conservation model that addresses the needs of all concerned. We call it Snow Leopard Enterprises.. |
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Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle | Editor | |
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 475 | Serial | 68 | ||
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Author | Dickman, A., Macdonald, E., Macdonald, D. | ||||
Title | A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human–carnivore coexistence | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | PNAS | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 108 | Issue | 34 | Pages | 13937–13944 |
Keywords | human-carnivore conflict, payments for ecosystem services | ||||
Abstract | One of the greatest challenges in biodiversity conservation today is how to facilitate protection of species that are highly valued at a global scale but have little or even negative value at a local scale. Imperiled species such as large predators can impose significant economic costs at a local level, often in poverty-stricken rural areas where households are least able to tolerate such costs, and impede efforts of local people, especially traditional pastoralists, to escape from poverty. Furthermore, the costs and benefits involved in predator conservation often include diverse dimensions, which are hard to quantify and nearly impossible to reconcile with one another. The best chance of effective conservation relies upon translating the global value of carnivores into tangible local benefits large enough to drive conservation “on the ground.” Although human–carnivore coexistence involves significant noneconomic values, providing financial incentives to those affected negatively by carnivore presence is a common strategy for encouraging such coexistence, and this can also have important benefits in terms of reducing poverty. Here, we provide a critical overview of such financial instruments, which we term “payments to encourage coexistence”; assess the pitfalls and potentials of these methods, particularly compensation and insurance, revenuesharing, and conservation payments; and discuss how existing strategies of payment to encourage coexistence could be combined to facilitate carnivore conservation and alleviate local poverty. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | http://www.pnas.org/content/108/34/13937 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1362 | ||
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Author | Hussain, S. | ||||
Title | The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 37 | Issue | Pages | 26-33 | |
Keywords | Central Karakorum,farmer-wildlife conflict; livestock predation,snow leopard,Uncia uncia,; Western Himalayas. | ||||
Abstract | Between 1998 and 2001 I carried out surveys in four areas in the Baltistan district of the Northern Areas of Pakistan to estimate the population of the snow leopard and to examine the threats to its future conservation. I estimate that a total of 36-50 snow leopards are present in the areas surveyed. Based on the availability of suitable snow leopard habitat and of its prey species, I estimate that 90-120 snow leopards are potentially present in Baltistan and 300-420 throughout its range within Pakistan's borders. Although this estimate is higher than extrapolations based on earlier surveys, the long-term future of the snow leopard is under threat. This is mainly due to retaliatory killings by farmers, and poaching for pelts and other body parts. Species-focused conservation policies, particularly those targeting ungulates for the promotion of trophy hunting, may constitute an additional threat to snow leopard conservation in the region. However, all forms of threats to the snow leopard in Baltistan appear to emanate from the relatively poor economic conditions of the local people. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 898 | Serial | 401 | ||
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Author | Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Ramakrishnan, U., Chaturvedi, V., Smout, S. C., Mishra, C. | ||||
Title | Impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Royal Society Open Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
Keywords | apparent competition, apparent facilitation, conservation conflicts, indirect interactions, predator� prey interactions, snow leopard | ||||
Abstract | An increasing proportion of the world�s poor is rearing livestock today, and the global livestock population is growing. Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory killing is becoming an economic and conservation concern. A common recommendation for carnivore conservation and for reducing predation on livestock is to increase wild prey populations based on the assumption that the carnivores will consume this alternative food. Livestock predation, however, could either reduce or intensify with increases in wild prey depending on prey choice and trends in carnivore abundance. We show that the extent of livestock predation by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia intensifies with increases in the density of wild ungulate prey, and subsequently stabilizes. We found that snow leopard density, estimated at seven sites, was a positive linear function of the density of wild ungulates�the preferred prey�and showed no discernible relationship with livestock density. We also found that modelled livestock predation increased with livestock density. Our results suggest that snow leopard conservation would benefit from an increase in wild ungulates, but that would intensify the problem of livestock predation for pastoralists. The potential benefits of increased wild prey abundance in reducing livestock predation can be overwhelmed by a resultant increase in snow leopard populations. Snow leopard conservation efforts aimed at facilitating increases in wild prey must be accompanied by greater assistance for better livestock protection and offsetting the economic damage caused by carnivores. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1457 | ||
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Author | International Snow Leopard Trust | ||||
Title | Villagers Release Captured Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Snow Line | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1 | ||
Keywords | Jamalabad; Pakistan; herders; livstock; Wwf; Khunjerab livestock; predation; conflict; Islt; browse; 4470 | ||||
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Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle | Editor | |
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Notes | Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 435 | Serial | 931 | ||
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Author | Din, J. U., Ali, H., Ali, A., Younus, M., Mehmood,, T., Rashid, Y. N., Nawaz, M. A. | ||||
Title | Pastoralist-predator interaction at the roof of the world: Conflict dynamics and implications for conservation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Ecology and Society | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 22 | Issue | 2 | Pages | |
Keywords | Afghan Pamir; carnivore; conflict; Pak Pamir; pastoralist; predation; snow leopard; Tajik Pamir; wolf | ||||
Abstract | Pastoralism and predation are two major concomitantly known facts and matters of concern for conservation biologists worldwide. Pastoralist-predator conflict constitutes a major social-ecological concern in the Pamir mountain range encompassing Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan, and affects community attitudes and tolerance toward carnivores. Very few studies have been conducted to understand the dynamics of livestock predation by large carnivores like snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus), owing to the region�s remoteness and inaccessibility. This study attempts to assess the intensity of livestock predation (and resulting perceptions) by snow leopards and wolves across the Afghani, Pakistani, and Tajik Pamir range during the period January 2008�June 2012. The study found that livestock mortality due to disease is the most serious threat to livestock (an average 3.5 animal heads per household per year) and ultimately to the rural economy (an average of US$352 per household per year) as compared to predation (1.78 animal heads per household per year, US$191) in the three study sites. Overall, 1419 (315 per year) heads of livestock were reportedly killed by snow leopards (47%) and wolves (53%) in the study sites. People with comparatively smaller landholdings and limited earning options, other than livestock rearing, expressed negative attitudes toward both wolves and snow leopards and vice versa. Education was found to be an effective solution to dilute people�s hatred for predators. Low public tolerance of the wolf and snow leopard in general explained the magnitude of the threat facing predators in the Pamirs. This will likely continue unless tangible and informed conservation measures like disease control and predation compensation programs are taken among others. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1453 | ||
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Author | Suryawanshi, K. R., Redpath, S. M., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Ramakrishnan, U., Chaturvedi, V., Smout, S. C., Mishra, C. | ||||
Title | Impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | Publication | Royal Society Open Science | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
Keywords | apparent competition, apparent facilitation, conservation conflicts, indirect interactions, predator� prey interactions, snow leopard | ||||
Abstract | An increasing proportion of the world�s poor is rearing livestock today, and the global livestock population is growing. Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory killing is becoming an economic and conservation concern. A common recommendation for carnivore conservation and for reducing predation on livestock is to increase wild prey populations based on the assumption that the carnivores will consume this alternative food. Livestock predation, however, could either reduce or intensify with increases in wild prey depending on prey choice and trends in carnivore abundance. We show that the extent of livestock predation by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia intensifies with increases in the density of wild ungulate prey, and subsequently stabilizes. We found that snow leopard density, estimated at seven sites, was a positive linear function of the density of wild ungulates�the preferred prey�and showed no discernible relationship with livestock density. We also found that modelled livestock predation increased with livestock density. Our results suggest that snow leopard conservation would benefit from an increase in wild ungulates, but that would intensify the problem of livestock predation for pastoralists. The potential benefits of increased wild prey abundance in reducing livestock predation can be overwhelmed by a resultant increase in snow leopard populations. Snow leopard conservation efforts aimed atfacilitating increases in wild prey must be accompanied by greater assistance for better livestock protection and offsetting the economic damage caused by carnivores. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1452 | ||
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Author | Chen, P., Gao, Y., Lee, A. T. L., Cering, L., Shi, K., Clark, S. G. | ||||
Title | Human–carnivore coexistence in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Nature Reserve, China: Patterns and compensation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | 197 | Pages | 18-26 | |
Keywords | Conflict Compensation Human–carnivore coexistence Management Predation patterns Qomolangma Nature Reserve | ||||
Abstract | Livestock depredation by large carnivores is frequently reported in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) National Nature Reserve, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Seeking to minimize conflicts, we assessed depredation patterns and ways to upgrade the compensation program. We gathered 9193 conflict records over 2011–2013 to determine the extent and tempo-spatial patterns of the depredation.Weinterviewed 22 local officials and 94 residents to learn their views on depredations and to assess the adequacy of compensation. Data showed that wolves (Canis lupus), lynx (Lynx lynx), and snowleopards (Panthera uncia)were themajor livestock predators. Total livestock loss accounted for 1.2% of the entire stockholding (n=846,707) in the region. Wolves and lynx tended to take sheep and goats,whereas snowleopards favored yaks and cattle in relation to their proportional abundance. Predation mostly occurred in March through July. Livestock depredation by all predators when combined was best explained by terrain ruggedness and density of small- and large-bodied livestock. Temporal and spatial predation patterns variedamong carnivores.Most respondents (74%) attributed depredation causes to an increase in carnivore abundance. Only 7% blamed lax livestock herding practice for predation losses. Five percent said that predation was the result of livestock population increases, while 11% had no idea. The compensation scheme was found to be flawed in all aspects—predation verification, application procedure, compensation standard, operational resource allocation, making payment, and other problems. To enhance management for human–carnivore coexistence, we recommend a problem-oriented, integrated, adaptive approach that targets the complex social context of the conflict and addresses the interconnected functions of decision-making process. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1435 | ||
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Author | Johansson, O., McCarthy, T., Samelius, G., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. | ||||
Title | Snow leopard predation in a livestock dominated landscape in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 184 | Issue | Pages | 251-258 | |
Keywords | Gobi desert, GPS collar, Kill rate, Panthera uncial, Prey choice, Wildlife conflict | ||||
Abstract | Livestock predation is an important cause of endangerment of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) across its range. Yet, detailed information on individual and spatio-temporal variation in predation patterns of snow leopards and their kill rates of livestock and wild ungulates are lacking. We collared 19 snow leopards in the Tost Mountains, Mongolia, and searched clusters of GPS positions to identify prey remains and estimate kill rate and prey choice. Snow leopards killed, on average, one ungulate every 8 days, which included more wild prey (73%) than livestock (27%), despite livestock abundance being at least one order of magnitude higher. Predation on herded livestock occurred mainly on stragglers and in rugged areas where animals are out of sight of herders. The two wild ungulates, ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon), were killed in proportion to their relative abundance. Predation patterns changed with spatial (wild ungulates) and seasonal (livestock) changes in prey abundance. Adult male snow leopards killed larger prey and 2–6 times more livestock compared to females and young males. Kill rates were considerably higher than previous scat-based estimates, and kill rates of females were higher than kill rates of males. We suggest that (i) snow leopards prey largely on wild ungulates and kill livestock opportunistically, (ii) retaliatory killing by livestock herders is likely to cause greater mortality of adult male snow leopards compared to females and young males, and (iii) total off-take of prey by a snow leopard population is likely to be much higher than previous estimates suggest. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1420 | ||
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Author | Suryawanshi, K. R., Bhatia, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Redpath, S., Mishra, C | ||||
Title | Multiscale Factors Affecting Human Attitudes toward Snow Leopards and Wolves | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2014 | Publication | Conservation biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 00 | Issue | Pages | 1-10 | |
Keywords | Canis lupus, carnivore, human–wildlife conflicts, Panthera uncia, wildlife acceptance | ||||
Abstract | The threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between them difficult. Effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local residents toward the target species. There are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores, but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. Because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different scales of social organization, but this scale dependence has not been examined.We used structured interview surveys to quantitatively assess the attitudes of a Buddhist pastoral community toward snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus). We interviewed 381 individuals from 24 villages within 6 study sites across the high-elevation Spiti Valley in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. We gathered information on key explanatory variables that together captured variation in individual and village-level socioeconomic factors.We used hierarchical linear models to examine how the effect of these factors on human attitudes changed with the scale of analysis from the individual to the community. Factors significant at the individual level were gender, education, and age of the respondent (for wolves and snow leopards), number of income sources in the family (wolves), agricultural production, and large-bodied livestock holdings (snow leopards). At the community level, the significant factors included the number of smaller-bodied herded livestock killed by wolves and mean agricultural production (wolves) and village size and large livestock holdings (snow leopards). Our results show that scaling up from the individual to higher levels of social organization can highlight important factors that influence attitudes of people toward wildlife and toward formal conservation efforts in general. Such scale-specific information can help managers apply conservation measures at appropriate scales. Our results reiterate the need for conflict management programs to be multipronged. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1417 | ||
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