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Author Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R.
Title A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards Type Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Human Dimensions of Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages 307-315
Keywords (down) snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching
Abstract Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with

snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 890 Serial 471
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Author Green, M.
Title A check-list and some notes concerning the mammlas of the Langtang National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 77-87
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Langtang National Park, Nepal
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1227
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Author Woodland Park Zoo
Title No vacancy Type Miscellaneous
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Winter Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, captivity, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1268
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Author Woodland Park Zoo
Title Snow leopard exhibit plan Type Miscellaneous
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, captivity, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1273
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Author Kitchener, S.L., Merritt, D.A., Rosenthal, M.A.
Title Observations on the management, physiology, and hand rearing of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, from 1960-1974 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, captivity, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, management, physiology, hand rearing, birth
Abstract Data on the 28 snow leopards born at the zoo in a 13 year period.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1226
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Author Freeman, H.
Title Breeding and behavior of the snow leopard Type Report
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, captivity, breeding, behavior, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1239
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Author National Zoological Park
Title Significant birth and hatchings at the National Zoological Park: Studbook for snow leopards (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1974 Publication Snow Leopard Studbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 5
Keywords (down) snow leopard, captivity, birth, National Zoological Park, Washington D.C.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1245
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Author Seneca Park Zoo
Title Meat loan saves leopard Type Miscellaneous
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow l; eopard, captivity, Seneca Park Zoo
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1269
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Author Jackson, R.; Fox, J.L.
Title Report on Fifth Slims Training Workshop (Nepal) Type Miscellaneous
Year 2000 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume xvii Issue Pages 6-15
Keywords (down) Slims; Nepal; training; techniques; Gps; field-work; surveys; Tibet; habitat; China; hunting; poaching; livestock; population; Shey-Phoksundo; parks; protected-area; reserves; annapurna; Dhorpatan; Manaslu; Sagarmatha; Langtang; Islt; Wwf; Hmg; Dnpwc; browse; 4460
Abstract Nepal's snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are mostly found along the northern border with Tibet (China). The largest populations are in Dolpa, Mugu, Manang, and Myagdi Districts. Potential habitat totals about 30,000 square kilometers. Numbers are estimated at 300-500, but surveys are urgently needed to confirm this rough guess. Like elsewhere, the primary threats center on poaching, depletion of natural prey, livestock depredation and resultant retributive killing of snow leopards by herders, and the lack of public awareness and support for conserving snow leoaprds, especially among local herders.
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 434 Serial 466
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Author Jackson, R.; Fox, J.L.
Title Snow Leopard Conservation: Accomplishments and Research Priorities Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 128-144
Keywords (down) Slims; Islt; zoos; zoo; captivity; genetics; home-range; predator; prey; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Mongolia; China; India; Nepal; Khunjerab; surveys; survey; transect; habitat; scrap; marking; spray; Myanmar; Burma; blue-sheep; ibex; conservation; ecology; management; livestock; herders; Dna; Icimod; Himalaya; protected-area; scrape; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2900
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 399 Serial 458
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Author Ahmad, I.; Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.
Title A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 92-95
Keywords (down) Slims; Islt; Wwf; predator; prey; Pakistan; Khunjerab; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; Marco-Polo-sheep; blue-sheep; surveys; survey; transect; sighn; markings; marking; scrape; spray; ibex; tracks; pug marks; feces; livestock; kill; herder; herders; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; international snow leopard trust; world wildlife fund; marco polo sheep; marco polo; pug; marks; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2810
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Title, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 300 Serial 42
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Author Jackson, R.; Hunter, D.; Emmerich, C.
Title SLIMS: An Information Management System for Promoting the Conservation of Snow Leopards and Biodiversity in the Mountains of Central Asia Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 75-91
Keywords (down) Slims; conservation; biodiversity; asia; livestock; parks; park; protected-area; reserve; reserves; refuge; prey; habitat; distribution; status; Pakistan; Mongolia; India; China; Project-snow-leopard; survey; surveys; field; snow-line; Padu; Wwf; Macne; Merc; Gis; field-surveys; transects; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; project snow leopard; project; snow leopard; snow; leopard; snow line; world wildlife fund; field surveys; browse; 2770
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth Interantional Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 398 Serial 457
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Author Ganguli-Lachungpa, U.
Title Dead snow leopard (Uncia uncia) at Yabuk, Dongkung (5500M) in North Sikkim Type Miscellaneous
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) Sikkim; Dongkung; Tibet; Dogs; feral-dogs; potected-area; parks; reserves; refuge; sighting; blue-sheep; herders; livestock; blue; sheep; browse; feral dogs; feral; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3930
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Notes Full Text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 363 Serial 330
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Author International Snow Leopard Trust
Title Snow Leopard News Fall 2001 Type Miscellaneous
Year 2001 Publication Snow Leopard News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) seattle; fund-raising; volunteers; annual-appeal; Woodland-Park-Zoo; Tserendeleg; Mongolia; Macne; Islt; Pakistan; Afganastan; Malik; September-11th; war; conservation; China; Slims; Tnc; Yunnan; Slss; Snow-Leopard-Survival-Summit; Sullenberger; Munktsog; irbis-enterprises; Cnn; Abc; tourism; travel; crafts; Dolijinsuren; browse; 4340
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle, WA Editor
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Notes Full Text at URLTable of Contents:1.Thanks Again to Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle2.Mongolia's Conservation Leader Passed Away3.The Presence of the Trust4.ISLT and the Nature Conservancy Team up in China5.Snow Leopard Survival Summit Postponed6.Mongolia's Snow Leopards in the News7.Volunteers for Snow Leopards8.From Cozzy Mitts to Tea Cozies Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 422 Serial 932
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Author Koshkarev, E.
Title Has the Snow Leopard Disappeared from Eastern Sayan and Western Hovsogol? Type Conference Article
Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 96-107
Keywords (down) Sayan; Hovsogol; distribution; status; Mongolia; siberia; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; field-studies; tracks; pug; marks; scrape; scrapes; spray; marking; scat; feces; ibex; predator; prey; protected-area; Hovsogul; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; field studies; field; sutdies; pug marks; protected; area; areas; protected areas; protected area; 2850
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
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Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Eigth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 400 Serial 564
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Author International Snow Leopard Trust
Title Snow Leopard News Spring 2000 Type Miscellaneous
Year 2000 Publication Snow Leopard News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) Rutherford; Freeman; Morse; Jackson; Hillard; Natural-Partnerships-Program; Pakistan; Islt; Slims; training; Chitrol-Gol; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-areas; surveys; Hemis; Conflict-Resolution-Workshop; conflict; herders; leh; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; corrals; predator; prey; livestock; depradation; human-wildlife-conflict; Uzbekistan; Gissar; Peace-Corps; Mongolia; Macne; fiction; populations; browse; 4390
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle, Wa Editor
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Notes Full Text at URLTable of Contents1.Transitions at the Trust2.Message From ISLT Founder Helen Freeman and President Charles Morse3.Jakson and Hillard to Leave ISLT for New Pursuits4. News and Notes5. ISLT's Natural Partnerships Program6.Thoughts from a Snow Leopard7. Snow Leopards, Local People,and Livestock losses: Solutions through Paticipation8.U.S. Peace Corps and ISLT Team Up in Mongolia Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 427 Serial 930
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Author Braden, K.
Title Nature Preserves of the Soviet Union Type Conference Article
Year 1984 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 11-14
Keywords (down) Russia; Soviet-Union; preserves; parks; conservation; Altay; reserves; Ussr; asia; browse; 4130
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Publisher Leif Blomqvist and Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor L.Blomqvist
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera Uncia, Volume 4Place of Meeting: Krefeld Zoo, GFRDate of Copyright: 1984 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 71 Serial 190
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Author Braden, K.
Title The Outlook for Snow Leopard Protection in Four New Countries of Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume x Issue Pages 7
Keywords (down) Russia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tadzhikstan; Uzbekistan; protected-areas; reserves; preserve; parks; conservation; economics; Culture; browse; 4700
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor
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Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 457 Serial 192
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Author Anonymous
Title Resolutions Conservation of Snow Leopard, Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 329-331
Keywords (down) resolutions; conservation; management; Khunjerab; Taxkorgan; Sagarmatha; Makalu-Barun; Qomolangma; Transboundry; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Nepal; Tibet; China; Pakistan; Cites; Slims; eco-development; livestock; herders; conflict; siberia; gobi; Altay; Altai; Mongolia; Arksai; Liqaru; Arba; Ganzi; Baoxin; pollution; pesticides; toxicity; cooperation; status; zoos; zoological-gardens; browse; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; eco development; eco; development; zoological; gardens; zoological gardens; 3530
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 214 Serial 82
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Author Jackson, R.
Title A wildlife survey of the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibetian Autonomous Region, Peoples Republic of China Type Book Whole
Year 1991 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) Qomolangma; Tibet; China; protected-areas; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; browse; 3150
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Publisher Woodlands Mountain Institute Place of Publication Franklin, West Virginia Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 184 Serial 447
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Author Jackson, R.; Zongyi, W.; Xuedong, L.; Yun, C.
Title Snow Leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve of Tibet Autonomous Region Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 85-95
Keywords (down) Qomolangma; protected-area; parks; preserves; refuge; Nepal; Tibet; China; field-study; blue-sheep; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; pug-marks; sign; transects; interviews; herders; livestock; predation; predator; traps; trapping; habitat; status; distribution; threats; hunting; pelts; skins; fur; coats; poaching; bones; medicine; Cites; conflict; trade; conservation; management; protected area; protected; area; areas; protected areas; field study; field; study; pug marks; blue; sheep; browse; pug; marks; 3490
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 231 Serial 452
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Author Jackson, R.
Title Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve Type Miscellaneous
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) Qomolangma; livestock; Tibet; predator; predation; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; conflict; corrals; pens; depredation; livestock-depredation; browse; livestock depredation; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; 4020
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Notes Full Text at URLMay 6, 1999Rodney M. Jackson (Author)Contact and Mailing Address: 18030 Comstock Ave,Sonoma, CA 95476Phone (707) 935-3851; Fax 933-9618; E-mail: rodjackson@mountain.org Author's Title: Senior Program Associate for Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation, The Mountain Institute, Dogwood and Main Streets, Franklin, WV 26807; and Conservation Director, International Snow Leopard Trust, Suite 325, 4649 Sunnyside Ave., North, Seattle, WA 98103 Title: Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve Key Words: crop damage, wildlife depredation, conflict resolution, Tibet Subject: Managing conflict in protected areasPresentation Type: Oral paper Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 364 Serial 462
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Author Fox, J.L.; Nurbu, C.
Title Hemis, a national park for snow leopards in India's Trans-Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Int.Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue Pages 71-84
Keywords (down) protected-area; Hemis; park; parks; refuge; reserve; India; Himalaya; protected; area; areas; protected areas; protected area; browse; Jammu; Kashmir; habitat; tourism; land-use; humans; developement; conflict; management; 3170
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Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 155 Serial 296
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Author Jackson, R.; Nepali, H.S.; Sherpa, A.R.
Title Aspects of wildlife protection and utilization in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area Type Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 76
Keywords (down) protected-area; conservation; park; parks; reserve; refuge; Nepal; Makalu-Barun; browse; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; makalu barun; makalu; barun; 3380
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Notes The Makalu-Barun Conservation Project Working Paper Publication Series 11. Kathmandu, Nepal Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 170 Serial 446
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Author Shrestha, B.
Title Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Report
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-35
Keywords (down) project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging
Abstract Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock.
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Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1076 Serial 887
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