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| Author | Johansson, O., Koehler, G., Rauset, G. R.< Samelius, G., Andren, H., Mishra, C., Lhagvarsuren, P., McCarthy, T., Low, M. | ||||
| Title | Sex specific seasonal variation in puma and snow leopard home range utilization | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Ecosphere | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1-14 |
Keywords  |
Cougar, female choice, LoCoH, mating tactics, Panthera Uncia, Puma concolor, spacing pattern, territoriality | ||||
| Abstract | Territory size is often larger for males than for females in species without biparental care. For large solitary carnivores, this is explained by males encompassing a set of female territories to monopolize their reproduction during mating (area maximization). However, males are expected to behave more like females outside of breeding, with their area utilization being dependent on the range required to secure food resources (area minimization). To examine how male and female solitary carnivores adjust their spatial organization during the year as key resources (mates and prey) change, we radio‐collared 17 pumas (Puma concolor; nine males and eight females) and 14 snow leopards (Panthera uncia; seven males and seven females) and estimated home range size and overlap on two temporal scales (annual vs. monthly). Contrary to expectation, we found no evidence that males monopolized females (the mean territory overlap between females and the focal male during the mating season was 0.28 and 0.64 in pumas and snow leopards, respectively). Although male�male overlap of annual home ranges was comparatively high (snow leopards [0.21] vs. pumas [0.11]), monthly home range overlaps were small (snow leopards [0.02] vs. pumas [0.08]) suggesting strong territoriality. In pumas, both males and females reduced their monthly home ranges in winter, and at the same time, prey distribution was clumped and mating activity increased. In snow leopards, females showed little variation in seasonal home range size, following the seasonal stability in their primary prey. However, male snow leopards reduced their monthly home range utilization in the mating season. In line with other studies, our results suggest that female seasonal home range variation is largely explained by changes in food resource distribution. However, contrary to expectations, male territories did not generally encompass those of females, and males reduced their home ranges during mating. Our results show that male and female territorial boundaries tend to intersect in these species, and hint at the operation of female choice and male mate guarding within these mating systems. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1471 | ||
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| Author | Bischof, R.,Hameed, S.,Ali, H.,Kabir, M.,Younas, M.,Shah, K. A.,Din, J. U.,Nawaz, M. A. | ||||
| Title | Using time-to-event analysis to complement hierarchical methods when assessing determinants of photographic detectability during camera trapping | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Cox proportional hazards model, cumulative incidence, Martes foina, Panthera Uncia, survival anaalysis, Vulpes Vulpes, weighted observations | ||||
| Abstract | 1. Camera trapping, paired with analytical methods for estimating occupancy, abundance and other ecological parameters, can yield information with direct consequences for wildlife management and conservation. Although ecological information is the primary target of most camera trap studies, detectability influences every aspect from design to interpretation. 2. Concepts and methods of time-toevent analysis are directly applicable to camera trapping, yet this statistical field has thus far been ignored as a way to analyze photographic capture data. to illustrate the use to time-to-event statistics and to better understand how photographic evidence accumulates, we explored patterns in tow related measure of detectability: Detection probability and time to detection. We analyzed camera trap data for three sympatric carnivores ( snow Leopard, red fox and stone marten) in the mountains of northern Pakistan and tested predictions about patterns in detectability across species, sites and time. 3. We found species-specific differences in the magnitude of detectability and the factors influencing it, reinforcing the need to consider determinants of detectability in study design and to account for them during analysis. Photographic detectability of snow leopard was noticeably lower than that of red fox, but comparable to detectability of stone marten. Site-specific attributes such as the presence of carnivore sign ( snow Leopard), terrain ( snow leopard and red fox) and application for lures ( red fox) influenced detectability. For the most part, detection probability was constant over time. 4. Species- specific differences in factors determining detectability make camera trap studies targeting multiple species particularly vulnerable to misinterpretation if the hierarchical origin of the data is ignored. Investigators should consider not only the magnitude of detectability, but also the shape of the curve describing the cumulative process of photographic detection, as this has consequences for both determining survey effort and the election of analytical models. Weighted time-to -event analysis can complement occupancy analysis and other hierarchal methods by providing additional tools for exploring camera trap data and testing hypotheses regarding the temporal aspect of photographic evidence accumulation. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1405 | ||
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| Author | Mallon, D. P., Jackson, R. M. | ||||
| Title | A downlist is not a demotion: Red List status and reality | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
| Keywords |
Cryptic, IUCN Red List, Panthera uncia, population estimate, snow leopard, species assessment | ||||
| Abstract | Assessments of biodiversity status are needed to track trends, and the IUCN Red List has become the accepted global standard for documenting the extinction risk of species. Obtaining robust data on population size is an essential component of any assessment of a species� status, including assessments for the IUCN Red List. Obtaining such estimates is complicated by methodological and logistical issues, which are more pronounced in the case of cryptic species, such as the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Estimates of the total population size of this species have, to date, been based on little more than guesstimates, but a comprehensive summary of recent field research indicates that the conservation status of the snow leopard may be less dire than previously thought. A revised categorization, from Endangered to Vulnerable, on the IUCN Red List was proposed but met some opposition, as did a recent, similar recategorization of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Possible factors motivating such attitudes are discussed. Downlisting on the IUCN Red List indicates that the species concerned is further from extinction, and is always to be welcomed, whether resulting from successful conservation intervention or improved knowledge of status and trends. Celebrating success is important to reinforce the message that conservation works, and to incentivize donors. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1460 | ||
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| Author | Alexander, J. S., Gopalswamy, A. M., Shi, K., Riordan, P. | ||||
| Title | Face Value: Towards Robust Estimates of Snow Leopard Densities | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Plos One | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Densities, Snow Leopard, Camera traps, Spatial Capture Recapture models | ||||
| Abstract | When densities of large carnivores fall below certain thresholds, dramatic ecological effects can follow, leading to oversimplified ecosystems. Understanding the population status of such species remains a major challenge as they occur in low densities and their ranges are wide. This paper describes the use of non-invasive data collection techniques combined with recent spatial capture-recapture methods to estimate the density of snow leopards Panthera uncia. It also investigates the influence of environmental and human activity indicators on their spatial distribution. A total of 60 camera traps were systematically set up during a three-month period over a 480 km2 study area in Qilianshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. We recorded 76 separate snow leopard captures over 2,906 trapdays, representing an average capture success of 2.62 captures/100 trap-days. We identified a total number of 20 unique individuals from photographs and estimated snow leopard density at 3.31 (SE = 1.01) individuals per 100 km2. Results of our simulation exercise indicate that our estimates from the Spatial Capture Recapture models were not optimal to respect to bias and precision (RMSEs for density parameters less or equal to 0.87). Our results underline the critical challenge in achieving sufficient sample sizes of snow leopard captures and recaptures. Possible performance improvements are discussed, principally by optimising effective camera capture and photographic data quality. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1431 | ||
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| Author | Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P. | ||||
| Title | What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-8 | ||
| Keywords |
diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of | ||||
| Abstract | Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1445 | ||
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| Author | Wu, D., Maming, R., Xu, G., Zhu X., Buzzard, P. | ||||
| Title | Relationship between ibex and snow leopard about food chain and population density in Tian Shan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Selevinia | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 186-190 | ||
| Keywords |
diet, ibex, snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | Many studies have demonstrated that ibex (Capra sibirica) are the most frequently eaten prey of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Xinjiang, the west of China. Thus, an understanding of interactions between these species may have significant management and conservation of implications for both. In this study, we provide information on ibex grouping and density over a 24 month period in the Tian Shan of Xinjiang, China. We then use ibex density to estimate the density of snow leopards. We observed ibex primarily in ewe-lamb groups (N=880), but ibex sexual segregation and grouping changed seasonally with more mixed-sex groups during the winter rut. We observed the most ibex in April 2014 and 2015 with an average of (2422 ± 119 ibex). Over the 1643 km2 study area we then estimated an ibex density of 154 ± 23 ibex /100 km2 from which we estimated a density of 1.31~2.58 snow leopards/100 km2. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1439 | ||
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| Author | Murali, R., Redpath, S., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | The value of ecosystem services in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Elsevier | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 28 | Pages | 115-123 | |
| Keywords |
Ecosystem services, Pastoralists, Local communities, Provisioning services Economic valuation, Panthera uncia | ||||
| Abstract | The high mountain ranges of South and Central Asia are increasingly being exposed to large-scale development projects. These areas are home to traditional pastoralist communities and internationally important biodiversity including the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia. Development projects rely on economic cost-benefit analysis, but the ecosystem services in the high Himalayas are poorly understood and are rarely accounted for. As a first step to fill this gap, we identified the main ecosystem services used by local people in the Trans-Himalayan Spiti Valley (7591 km2), a region important for conservation of snow leopards and high mountain biodiversity, and undertook an economic valuation. Stakeholders identified a range of services, though these were dominated by provisioning services identified by 90% of respondents. Only 5.4% of the respondents recognised regulatory services and 4.8% recognised cultural services. The mean economic value of provisioning services was estimated at US$ 3622 ± 149 HH1 yr1, which was 3.8 times higher than the average annual household income. Our results underscore the need to account for ecosystem services in the cost-benefit analyses of large-scale development projects in addition to assessments of their environmental and social impact. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1462 | ||
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| Author | Sivolobov, R. | ||||
| Title | ENDANGERED SPECIES OF KORYAKIA AND CHUKOTKA: IRBIS, TIGER AND THE IRKUYEM-BEAR | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 225-233 | ||
| Keywords |
endangered species, Beringian snow cat, Snow leopard, Irbis, Amur tiger, Irkuyem-bear, camera-trap, Koryakia, Chukotka | ||||
| Abstract | After 30 years of searching for the mysterious Beringian snow cat in vast space of Koryakia and Chukotka one of the five cameras recorded finally this beast at night in September 2014. This is not so much a sensation as a real scientific discovery, saying that the hearts of the snow leopard population resettlement are not in 5000 km from the main range boundaries, but much closer. Where? � will show further studies. In addition to the snow leopard in the North-Eastern Asia, it found two more endangered large mammal species: the Amur tiger and the relict of the Ice Age � the Irkuyem-bear. Author has given these animals his life and his article devoted to this topic. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1456 | ||
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| Author | Karmacharya, D. | ||||
| Title | Field Protocol – Scat Collection for Genetic Analysis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
| Keywords |
field protocol, scat collection, scat, genetic analysis, Nepal | ||||
| Abstract | Project funded by Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Center for Molecular Genetics, Nepal. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1346 | ||
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| Author | Johansson, O., McCarthy, T., Samelius, G., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard predation in a livestock dominated landscape in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 184 | Issue | Pages | 251-258 | |
| Keywords |
Gobi desert, GPS collar, Kill rate, Panthera uncial, Prey choice, Wildlife conflict | ||||
| Abstract | Livestock predation is an important cause of endangerment of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) across its range. Yet, detailed information on individual and spatio-temporal variation in predation patterns of snow leopards and their kill rates of livestock and wild ungulates are lacking. We collared 19 snow leopards in the Tost Mountains, Mongolia, and searched clusters of GPS positions to identify prey remains and estimate kill rate and prey choice. Snow leopards killed, on average, one ungulate every 8 days, which included more wild prey (73%) than livestock (27%), despite livestock abundance being at least one order of magnitude higher. Predation on herded livestock occurred mainly on stragglers and in rugged areas where animals are out of sight of herders. The two wild ungulates, ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon), were killed in proportion to their relative abundance. Predation patterns changed with spatial (wild ungulates) and seasonal (livestock) changes in prey abundance. Adult male snow leopards killed larger prey and 2–6 times more livestock compared to females and young males. Kill rates were considerably higher than previous scat-based estimates, and kill rates of females were higher than kill rates of males. We suggest that (i) snow leopards prey largely on wild ungulates and kill livestock opportunistically, (ii) retaliatory killing by livestock herders is likely to cause greater mortality of adult male snow leopards compared to females and young males, and (iii) total off-take of prey by a snow leopard population is likely to be much higher than previous estimates suggest. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1420 | ||
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