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Author Kovshar A.F. url 
  Title Snow leopard. Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 85-86  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian  
  Abstract In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 718 Serial 584  
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Author Grachev Yu.A. url 
  Title Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part 1. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 64-67  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; historical range; conservation.; 6790; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 657 Serial 341  
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Author Bekenov A.B. url 
  Title Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part1. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 149  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; life history; diet.; 6210; Russian  
  Abstract There is one subspecies U.u.uncia in Kazakhstan. It is distributed in the Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur, South Altai, and preys mainly on ibex, roe deer, argali, and marmots. Its litter consists of one to five cubs (normally two three). Female bears once in two years.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Book of gene pool of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 599 Serial 126  
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Author Riddell, Mand L.G. url 
  Title Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730  
  Abstract This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:

ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity

ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers

ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching

ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently

ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions

ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders

ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region

ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region

 Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan

 Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains

 Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations

 More government fund for the Institute of Zoology

 Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard

survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.

This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and

distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.

The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 283 Serial 816  
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Author Burgelo T.B. url 
  Title Brief information of snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 54-55  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; records; analysis of food remains; captive breeding.; 6400; Russian  
  Abstract This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 618 Serial 201  
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Author Berezovikov N.N. url 
  Title Rare and endangered birds and animals of South Altai Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 27-30  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; South Altai; endangered species; snow leopard; poaching.; 6240; Russian  
  Abstract This article describes distribution of snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali (Ovis ammon), dhole (Cyon alpinus), and manul (Felis manul) in South Altai. Nine encounters with snow leopard and its traces were registered in 1966 1980, including two facts of catching and one of shooting the animal.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 602 Serial 131  
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Author Koshkarev E.P. url 
  Title Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part. 1. Issue Pages 97-98  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; Southern Siberia; Central Asia; Talass ridge; Chatkal ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Hissar ridge; species range; key sites; snow leopard; nature reserves.; 7260; Russian  
  Abstract The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures.  
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  Notes Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 704 Serial 560  
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Author Annenkov, B.P. url 
  Title The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in the Dzungarsky Alatau Type Conference Article
  Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 21-24  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; status; distribution; conservation; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; behavior; protected-area; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; 3010  
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  Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Sixth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: KazakhstanDate of Copyright: 1990 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 163 Serial 74  
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Author Sludsky A.A. url 
  Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. III, Part 2. Issue Pages 222-240  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 797 Serial 900  
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Author Oruntaeva K.B. url 
  Title The Zailiyskiy natural national park Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 71-86  
  Keywords (up) Kazakhstan; Zaaliyskiy national park; establishment; fauna; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7810; Russian  
  Abstract The Zailiyskiy state natural national park is suggested to establish in the center of northern micro slope of Zailiyskiy Alatau. There are 42 mammal, 138 bird, tow amphibian, and eight reptile and fish species, and 145 daylight butterfly species in the Zailiyskiy Alatay. Of them, seven mammal species such as argali, Tien Shan bear, snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, stone marten, Central Asian otter, and Indian porcupine are included in the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan and USSR.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: New nature reserves of Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 759 Serial 755  
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