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	Author	Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W.
	Title	Man & the Biosphere: The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China			Type	Journal
	Year	2008	Publication	Man & the Biosphere	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	1-80
	Keywords	conservation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; China; Chinese; national; 80; 200; endangered; McCarthy; awareness; action; surveys; survey; Tomur; mountain; Kunlun; mountains; Xinjiang; ecology; enterprises; Mongolia; Bayarjargal; 180; flagship-species; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; photography; Tianshan Mountains; attack; livestock; home; plateau; 30; snow-leopard-enterprises; 7080
	Abstract	The Chinese magazine <Man & the Biosphere> (Series No. 54, No. 6, 2008) -- A special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards was published by the Chinese National Committee for Man & the Biosphere in 15th December 2008. It is about 80 pages including ten articles with 200 color pictures. The special editors of this issue are the experts from SLT/XCF Prof. MaMing, Mrs. Ge Yun and Mr. Wen Bo. The first paper is “A King of Snow Peaks, Another Endangered Flagship Species” by Dr. Thomas McCarthy, Dr. Urs Breitenmmoser and Dr. Christine Breitenmoser-Wursten (Page 1-1). Another paper “ Conservation : Turning Awareness to Action ” is also from Dr. Thomas McCarthy (Pages from 6-17). There are four articles including the diary and story of the Surveys in Tomur Mountain and Kunlun Mountains written by Prof. MaMing, Mr. XuFeng, Miss Chen Ying and Miss Cheng Yun from the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group and XCF, the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The last is “Snow Leopard Enterprises ” -- A Story from Mongolia by Mrs. Jennifer Snell Rullman and Mrs. Agvaantseren Bayarjargal (Bayara). It is a very useful copy for the conservation in China. Cited as: Ma Ming, GeYun and WenBo (Special editors of this issue). 2008. The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China. Man & the Biosphere 2008(6): 1-80. Contents 1, A king of snow peaks, another endangered flagship species (Synopsis) ------------- 1-1 The contents --------------------------------------------- ( pages from 2-3 ) 2, Protecting Snow Leopard means protecting a healthy eco-systems -------------- 4-5 3, Conservation: Turning awareness into action -------------- 6-17 4, Chinese Snow Leopard Team goes into action -------------- 18-25 5, A diary of infrared photography -------------- 26-35 6, Why have the snow leopards in the Tianshan Mountains begun to attack livestock? --- 36-43 7, The mystery of the Snow Leopards coming down the Tianshan Mountains ----------- 44-45 8, Snow leopards secluded Home on the Plateau ------------- 46-59 9, He saw Snow Leopards 30 years ago ------------- 60-69 10, Snow Leopard Enterprises -- A story from Mongolia ------------- 70-80
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	Notes	Articles are posted individually in the bibliography. Please look up articles by author. In Chinese.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 977			Serial	684
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	Author	Allen, P.
	Title	Conservation Increases Crafts Income			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Winter, 2002	Issue		Pages	7
	Keywords	crafts; conservation; herders; Sle; snow-leopard-enterprises; nomadic; Mongolia; wool; income; tourists; poaching; incentive; livestock; zoos; browse; 4310
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	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Crafts News			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 419			Serial	67
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	Author	Jackson, R.M.; Ahlborn, G.; Gurung, M.; Ale, S.
	Title	Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proc.Vertebr.Pest Conf	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue		Pages	241-247
	Keywords	damage; damage-by-wildlife; endangered; threatened species; livestock; mammals; management; predator-control; public-relations; wildlife; livestock-relationships; Nepal; asia; herders; conservation; Manang; Khangshar; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; browse; public; threatened; species; control; Relations; 700
	Abstract	The authors investigated livestock depredation patterns of snow leopards on the northern slopes of the Himalayans near the villages of Manang and Khangshar, Nepal. Information is discussed on the relationships among livestock loss, endangered species management, public relations/conservation issues, and cooperative efforts among institutions involved in the decision making process. A plan is devised for alleviating livestock loss and protecting endangered species in the area. pcp
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	Notes	Full Text at URL: ADDRESS: Mountain Inst., Main & Dogwood St., Franklin, WV 26807//“Proceedings Seventeenth Vertebrate Pest Conference-March 5-7, 1996, Rohnert Park, California”; Timm, Robert M.; Crabb, A. Charles, editorsDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 271			Serial	480
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	Author	Ulziibadrakh, T., Uudus, B., Lkhagvajav, P., Alexander, J. S., Johansson, O., Sharma, K., Samelius, G.
	Title	Variation in plant composition along a gradient of increasing distance from wells in a mountain steppe in southern Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Snow Leopard Reports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	10-16
	Keywords	desert steppe, livestock grazing, plant composition, South Gobi
	Abstract	Habitat degradation and heavy grazing by livestock are common conservation challenges across the steppes of Mongolia and Central Asia. Livestock grazing patterns are generally not uniform and are typically greater near campsites and watering holes. In this study, we examined how plant composition in a mountain steppe in southern Mongolia varied along a gradient of increasing distance from wells. We found that the cover and average height of Ephedra prezewalskii increased with increasing distance from the wells whereas soil chemistry and the other variables of plant composition that we examined were similar along the gradient of increasing distance from the wells. These results suggest relatively limited impact of livestock grazing on plant composition in our study. However, our study was limited in space and time and further studies are needed to understand the impact of livestock grazing in this mountain steppe in southern Mongolia.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1731
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	Author	Rawat, G.S.; Pandey, S.; Panwar, H.S.
	Title	Eco-development and management needs for snow leopard conservation in Himalayan Protected Areas			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	297-303
	Keywords	development; eco-development; management; conservation; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; park; preserve; Himalaya; Pin-valley; Himachal; herders; livestock; fire-wood; browse; eco; protected; areas; firewood; fire; 3810
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 249			Serial	809
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	Author	Khanyari, M., Suryawanshi, K. R., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Dickinson, E., Khara, A., Rana, R. S., Vineer, H. R., Morgan, E. R.
	Title	Predicting Parasite Dynamics in Mixed-Use Trans-Himalayan Pastures to Underpin Management of Cross-Transmission Between Livestock and Bharal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Frontiers in Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue	714241	Pages	1 - 21
	Keywords	disease, Trans-Himalaya, livestock, nematodes, bharal, model, ungulates, grazing
	Abstract	The complexities of multi-use landscapes require sophisticated approaches to addressing disease transmission risks. We explored gastro-intestinal nematode (GINs) infections in the North India Trans-Himalayas through a socio-ecological lens, integrating parasite transmission modelling with field surveys and local knowledge, and evaluated the likely effectiveness of potential interventions. Bharal (blue sheep; Pseudois nayaur), a native wild herbivore, and livestock share pasture year-round and livestock commonly show signs of GINs infection. While both wild and domestic ungulates had GINs infections, egg counts indicated significantly higher parasite burdens in bharal than livestock. However, due to higher livestock densities, they contributed more to the total count of eggs and infective larvae on pasture. Herders also reported health issues in their sheep and goats consistent with parasite infections. Model simulations suggested that pasture infectivity in this system is governed by historical pasture use and gradually accumulated larval development during the summer, with no distinct short-term flashpoints for transmission. The most effective intervention was consequently predicted to be early-season parasite suppression in livestock using temperature in spring as a cue. A 1-month pause in egg output from livestock could lead to a reduction in total annual availability of infective larvae on pasture of 76%, potentially benefitting the health of both livestock and bharal. Modelling suggested that climate change over the past 33 years has led to no overall change in GINs transmission potential, but an increase in the relative influence of temperature over precipitation in driving pasture infectivity. Our study provides a transferable multi-pronged approach to investigating disease transmission, in order to support herders’ livelihoods and conserve wild ungulates.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1673
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Snow Leopard News Summer/ Fall 1999			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication	Snow Leopard News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	distribution; stutus; fur-trade; bones; medicine; conservation; enforcement; awareness; education; poaching; killing; hunting; web-of-life-poster; Slims; Nepal; field-study; Mongolia; prey; pelts; livestock; retaliatory-killing; habitat; browse; 4420
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle, WA	Editor
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTable of Contents1.Conservation Challenges2.Education in Action: Posters Distributed in Mongolia and Bhutan3.5th SLIMS Workshop Held in Nepal4.News and Notes5.Thoughts From a Snow Leopard6.Snow Leopard Spot			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 430			Serial	927
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	International Snow Leopard Trust, Conservation and Education Program for 1999			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	education; conservation; livestock; corrals; pens; predator; prey; poaching; hunting; depredation; Dna; Mongolia; Macne; Slims; gobi; Tibet; Qomolangma; Nepal; Bhutan; China; Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Wwf; browse; 4030
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	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 365			Serial	406
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	Author	Tallian, A., Mattisson, J., Samelius, G., Odden, J., Mishra, C., Linnell, J. D. C., Lkhagvajav, P., Johansson, O.
	Title	Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Global Ecology and Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	e026750	Pages	1-13
	Keywords	Eurasian lynx, Handling time, Landscape, Livestock, Predation, Snow leopard
	Abstract	Livestock depredation is an important source of conflict for many terrestrial large carnivore species. Understanding the foraging behavior of large carnivores on domestic prey is therefore important for both mitigating conflict and conserving threatened carnivore populations. Handling time is an important, albeit often overlooked, component of predatory behavior, as it directly influences access to food biomass, which can affect predator foraging efficiency and subsequent kill rates. We used long-term data on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Mongolia (Asia) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway (Europe) to examine how large carnivore foraging patterns varied between domestic and wild prey, and how the different landscape characteristics affected those patterns. Our results suggest handling time was generally shorter for domestic compared to wild prey. For snow leopards, rugged terrain was linked to increased handling time for larger prey. For lynx, handling time increased with terrain ruggedness for domestic, but not wild, prey, and was greater in closed compared to open habitats. There were also other differences in snow leopard and lynx foraging behavior, e.g., snow leopards also stayed longer at, and remained closer to, their kill sites than lynx. Shorter handling time suggests that felids may have utilized domestic prey less effectively than wild prey, i.e., they spent less time consuming their prey. This could a) result in an energetic or fitness cost related to decreased felid foraging efficiency caused by the risk of anthropogenic disturbance, or b) exacerbate conflict if reduced handling time associated with easy prey results in increased livestock depredation.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1737
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Indo-US Snow Leopard Project			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication	Snowline	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	No. 10	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Garhwal; Himalayas; Govind; Givind-Pashu-Vihar; depredation; killing; livestock; surveys; research; Himachal-Pradesh; Himachal; browse; 4810
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
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	Notes	Full Text at URL; Progress ReportJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 468			Serial	921
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	Author	Saberwal, V.K.
	Title	Pastoral Politics:gaddi grazing, degradation and biodiversity conservation in Himachal Pradesh, India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Conservation Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	741-749
	Keywords	grazing; livestock; herders; herder; conservation; biodiversity; Himachal-Pradesh; India; browse; himachal pradesh; 1980
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 290			Serial	838
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	Author	Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y.
	Title	Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Environmental Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	39	Issue		Pages	490-496
	Keywords	Gya-Miru; livestock depredation; Lynx; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; wolf
	Abstract	The loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among Trans-Himalayan pastoralists. Because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. In the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia, Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanku, and Eurasian lynx Lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely Gya, Rumtse, and Sasoma, within the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. The three villages reported losses of 295 animals to these carnivores during a period of 2.5 years ending in early 2003, which represents an annual loss rate of 2.9% of their livestock holdings. The Tibetan wolf was the most important predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock loss because of predation, followed by snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Domestic goat was the major victim (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horse (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance. Snow leopards also killed horses significantly more than expected, whereas they killed other livestock types in proportion to their abundance. The three villages combined incurred an estimated annual monetary loss of approximately $USD 12,120 amounting to approximately $USD 190/household/y. This relatively high total annual loss occurred primarily because of depredation of the most valuable livestock types such as yak and horse. Conservation actions should initially attempt to target decrease of predation on these large and valuable livestock species.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 924			Serial	712
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	Author	Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y.
	Title	Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2007	Publication	Ecological Resources	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	22	Issue		Pages	25-31
	Keywords	habitat shift; livestock; Tibetan argali; Time budget; trans-himalaya
	Abstract	Livestock production is the primary source of livelihood and income in most of the high steppe and alpine regions of the Indian Trans-Himalaya. In some areas, especially those established or proposed for biodiversity conservation, recent increases in populations of domestic livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have raised concern about domestic animals competitively excluding wild herbivores from the rangelands. We evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use and time budget of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India. We asked if the domestic sheep and goat grazing and collateral human activities relegate the argali to suboptimal habitats, and alter their foraging time budgets. Data were collected on habitat use and time budget of a population of c. 50 argalis before and after c. 2,000 sheep and goats moved onto their winter pasture in the Tsabra catchment of the aforementioned reserve. Following the introduction of domestic sheep and goats, argalis continued to use the same catchment but shifted to steeper habitats, closer to cliffs, with lower vegetation cover, thus abandoning previously used plant communities with denser cover. Argalis' active time spent foraging also decreased by 10% in response to the presence of livestock. These results suggest a clear disturbance effect of livestock on argalis, and indicate a potential for competition, conceivably a significant disadvantage for argalis in winter when forage availability is minimal.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 926			Serial	713
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	Author	Nowell, K.; Preisser, T.
	Title	Saving Their Skins; Pay herders not to hunt snow leopards? Villagers laughed at first			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Herder-incentive-program; poaching; hunting; skins; pelts; furs; coats; bones; medicine; Mongolia; herders; livestock; gobi; conservation; ibex; browse; herder; incentive; program; 3880
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	Notes	Full Text at URL: Recieved as email from Gobi . Kristin Nowell, and Thomas Preisser, are co-founders of the Los Gatos, Calif.-based Cat Action Treasury, a nonprofit fund for endangered wild cats.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 324			Serial	731
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	Author	Singh, N.J.
	Title	Animal – Habitat relationships in high altitude rangelands			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2008	Publication	PhD Thesis	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	150
	Keywords	high altitude, homogeneous, argali, habitat selection, resource selection function, ENFA, stratified random sampling, sexual segregation, SSAS, livestock, predation, resources
	Abstract	This study conducted in the high altitude rangelands of Indian Transhimalaya, deals with basic questions regarding the ecology of an endangered species, the wildsheep Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) and applied issues related to its conservation and potential conflict with the local nomadic pastoralists. The basic questions on ecology are aimed at delineating the habitat and resource selection processes, identifying factors causing sexual segregation and efficient surveying and sampling. The applied aspect focuses on the changing face of pastoralism and the potential impacts of modernising livestock husbandry on argali. Overall, the study provides a general framework towards the understanding of argali-habitat relationships at different spatio-temporal scales. The spatial determinant associated with altitude in the area, predicts argali habitat and resource selection in this relatively homogenous landscape. These determine the range of other topographic variables and forage characteristics selected by argali. The selection of feeding patches in the selected range of altitude and topography is mainly characterised by their greenness and the quality of plant groups. Adjusting to changing forage quality, argali display an opportunistic feeding strategy, selecting grasses in early spring and switching to forbs later in summer. Nevertheless, the habitat selection process did not appear to differ among the sexes to drive sexual segregation. There was, however, strong segregation among the sexes as well as between lactating and non lactating females. The reasons for segregation appeared to be predominantly social, but driven ultimately by predation and concomitantly by resources. The habitat selection information was used to design a stratified random sampling strategy that led to i) a significant reduction in survey effort in sampling these sparsely distributed species and ii) reduction in sampling bias. The applied aspect of the study outlines and evaluates the dramatic changes in the nomadic pastoralism that have occurred in the past five decades in the study area. These have led to a loss of pastures (-25 to -33%) of the nomads, consequent readjustment in traditional patterns of pasture use, intensified grazing pressures (25 to 70%) and rangeland degradation in the area. Such changes may have serious consequences on the survival of local wildlife, as tested with a study of the effects on argali of livestock presence and resource exploitation. Hence, a successful conservation and recovery strategy should focus on: minimising the impacts of livestock on argali, identifying the factors affecting the persistence of the current populations, increasing local sub populations of this species to prevent extinction due to stochastic events, prevent loss of genetic diversity and excessive fragmentation and thus ensuring gene flow. Ecological Niche Factor Analyses (ENFA), bias-reduced logistic regression and Fuzzy correspondence analyses (FCA) were used to answer habitat and resource selection questions. A sexual segregation and aggregation statistic (SSAS) was used to estimate the components of sexual segregation and test segregation. SSAS combined with canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) allowed the estimation of segregation based on habitat variables. Logistic regression models were formulated to estimate models on which the stratified random sampling strategy was based. The 9 Animal – Habitat relationships in high altitude rangelands overall study also included surveys, interviews and literature reviews to understand the nomads’ movement and pasture use patterns of their livestock. Kernel density estimations (KDE) were used to estimate extent of range overlaps between livestock and argali.
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	Publisher	University of Tromsø	Place of Publication	Norway	Editor
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	Notes	PhD Thesis			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1306
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	Author	Sharma, S., Thapa, K., Chalise, M., Dutta, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., McCarthy, T.
	Title	The snow leopard in Himalaya: A step towards their conservation by studying their distribution, marking habitat selection, coexistence with other predators, and wild prey-livestock-predator interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Conservation Biology in Asia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	184-196
	Keywords	Himalaya, Nepal, ecology, snow leopard, Uncia uncia, prey, livestock, predator
	Abstract	Snow leopard (Uncia uncial) is a flagship species of the Himalaya. Very few studies have been done on the ecology of this species in the Himalaya. This paper presents an overview of four studies conducted on snow leopards in Nepal and India, dealing with various aspects of snow leopard ecology including their status assessment, making behaviour, habitat selection, food habits, and impact on livestock. The information generated by these studies is useful in planning effective conservation and management strategies for this endangered top predator of high mountains.
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	Notes	Paper 12; From: Pages 184-196 of Conservation Biology in Asia (2006) McNeely, J.A., T. M. McCarthy, A. Smith, L.Olsvig-Whittaker, and E.D. Wikramanayake (editors). Published by the Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section and Resources Himalaya, Kathmandu, Nepal, 455 pp.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1130
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinya, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	A Survey of Snow Leopard and Associated Species in the Himalaya of Northwestern India, Project Completion Report			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Himalaya; India; prey; distribution; Arunachal; Jammu; Himachal-Pradesh; Uttar-Pradesh; Sikkim; hunting; poaching; pelts; livestock; surveys; field-work; herders; herding; parks; preserves; reserves; habiatat; conflict; human-interaction; behaviour; sanctuaries; scrapes; sprays; tracks; browse; 4220
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	Notes	Full Text Available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 410			Serial	289
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	Author	Anwar, M., Jackson, R., Nadeem, M., Janecka, J., Hussain, S., Beg, M., Muhammad, G., and Qayyum, M.
	Title	Food habits of the snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) in Baltistan, Northern Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	European Journal of Wildlife Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	3 March	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Himalayas, Karakoram, Scat, Diet, Hair, Livestock, Biomass
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) inhabits the high, remote mountains of Pakistan from where very little information is available on prey use of this species. Our study describes the food habits of the snow leopard in the Himalayas and Karakoram mountain ranges in Baltistan, Pakistan. Ninety-five putrid snow leopard scats were collected from four sites in Baltistan. Of these, 49 scats were genetically confirmed to have originated from snow leopards. The consumed prey was identified on the basis of morphological characteristics of hairs recovered from the scats. It was found that most of the biomass consumed (70%) was due to domestic livestock viz. sheep (23%), goat (16%), cattle (10%), yak (7%), and cattle–yak hybrids (14%). Only 30% of the biomass was due to wild species, namely Siberian ibex (21%), markhor (7%), and birds (2%). Heavy predation on domestic livestock appeared to be the likely cause of conflict with the local inhabitants. Conservation initiatives should focus on mitigating this conflict by minimizing livestock losses.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin / Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1612-4642	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1304
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Snow Leopard News			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication	Snow Leopard News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Hongfei; Natural-Partnership-Program; conservation; education; retribution; herders; livestock; killing; indicator-species; training; workshops; NGO's; Wwf; SLC's; web-of-life-poster; browse; 4410
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle, WA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTable of Contents:1.ISLT Hires Snow Leopard Conservationist in China2.Six New Zoos Join Natural Partnership Program3.1999Field Conservation Program of Work4.1999 Conservation Education Program of Work			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 429			Serial	926
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	Author	Tiwari, M. P., Devkota, B. P., Jackson, R. M., Chhetri, B. B. K., Bagale, S.
	Title	What Factors Predispose Households in Trans-Himalaya (Central Nepal) to Livestock Predation by Snow Leopards?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Animals	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	2187	Pages	1-14
	Keywords	human-snow leopard conflict; livestock predation; Narphu valley; trans-Himalaya
	Abstract	Livestock depredation across the trans-Himalaya causes significant economic losses to pastoralist communities. Quantification of livestock predation and the assessment of variables associated with depredation are crucial for designing effective long-term mitigation measures. We investigated the patterns and factors of livestock depredation by snow leopards (Panthera uncia) using semi-structured questionnaires targeting herders in the Narphu valley of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. During the two years (2017/18 and 2018/19), 73.9% of the households interviewed (n = 65) lost livestock to snow leopards, with an annual average loss of two livestock per household. Of the total depredation attributed to snow leopards, 55.4% were yak (mainly female: 79%), 31.7% goat, 6.8% sheep, 3.2% horse and 2.8% cattle. Results from applying Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) revealed the total number of livestock owned and the number of larger bodied livestock species as the main explanatory covariates explaining livestock depredation. Forty-one (41%) of all herders considered snow leopard’s preference for domestic livestock as the main factor in livestock predation, whereas only 5% perceived poor herding practice as the main reason for the loss. Our study found poor and changing herding practices in the valley, whereby 71% herders reported careful herding as a solution to snow leopard depredation, and 15% of herders considered the complete extermination of snow leopards as the best solution to the problem. Tolerance levels and awareness among herders towards snow leopard conservation is increasing, mainly due to the Buddhist religion and strict law enforcement within this protected area. We recommend the effective implementation of a community-based livestock insurance scheme to compensate the economic loss of herders due to predation and improved herding practices as the recommended mitigation measures for ensuring livestock security and snow leopards’ conservation in the valley.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1624
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	Author	Nowell, K.
	Title	Markets for Snow Leopard Products			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	218-221
	Keywords	hunting; poaching; pelts; skins; trade; fur; coat; Cites; bones; medicine; livestock; browse; 3070
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiujmPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 322			Serial	730
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Freeman, H.
	Title	An Internationally cooperative fiels study of the snow leopard in Northern India			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1984	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	39-42
	Keywords	India; conservation; ecology; training; Ladakh; Jammu; Himachal-Pradesh; Sikkem; Uttar; Arunachal; livestock; hunting; prey; pelts; browse; 4140
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	Publisher	Leif Blomqvist and Helsinki Zoo	Place of Publication	Helsinki, Finland	Editor	L.Blomqvist
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available atTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera UnciaPlace of Meeting: Krefeld Zoo, GFRDate of Copyright: 1984			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 76			Serial	288
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	A Field Survey of Snow Leopard Presence and Habitat use in Northwestern India			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	99-111
	Keywords	India; habitat; status; distribution; Ladakh; himalayans; field study; tracking; tracks; scraping; spraying; marking; predator; prey; livestock; herder; herders; browse; 1690
	Abstract	During November 1985 through July1996, a survey of snow leopard presence and ecology was conducted in selected areas of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh in north-western India. The study was carried out under the auspices of the Wildlife Institute of India in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the International Snow Leopard Trust. The objectives of the survey were essentially determine the relative presence of the snow leopard and its associated prey species,investigate human interaction with the snow leopard and select an appropriate site for more intensive studies of the snow leopard and its ecosystem.
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	Publisher	International Snow Leoaprd Trust and Wildlife Institute of India	Place of Publication	India	Editor	H.Freeman
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 119			Serial	293
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	Author	Chundawat, R.S.; Rawat G.S.
	Title	Food Habits of Snow Leopard in Ladakh, India			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	11
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; behavior; predator; prey; livestock; blue-sheep; ibex; ungulates; marmots; parks; refuge; protected-area; reserves; diet; habitat; scat; kills; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 970
	Abstract	The snow leopard has remained little studied in the past, and most of the information available is either in the form of natural history or anecdotal notes. The inaccessibility of the terrain and its secretive habits make this one of the more difficult animals to study in the wild. In the past decade, several ecological surveys were conducted in India, Nepal, China and Mongolia, which gave us information on the status and distribution of snow leopard (Jackson, Mallon, Fox, Schaller, Chundawat) A detailed study in Nepal through light on its secretive habits ( Jackson and Ahlborn, 1989). Even then little is known about its feeding habits. The present paper discusses this aspect from a study which was part of a detailed study conducted on the ecology of snow leopard in India from October 1987 to Feburary 1990.
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	Notes	full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 305			Serial	223
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S.
	Title	Evaluation of Snow Leopard Sign Abundance in the Upper Indus Valley			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	66-74
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; Jammu; Kashmir; transect; survey; habitat; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; field-study; marks; scrape; scrapes; spray; marking; behavior; tracks; autocad; predator; prey; ibex; blue-sheep; marmot; livestock; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 2730
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 307			Serial	308
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