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Author |
Anonymous |
Title |
Snow leopard management plan of Mongolia (draft) |
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Report |
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2000 |
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1-18 |
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snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; management; plan; Mongolia; Report; world wildlife fund; world-wildlife-fund; wildlife; country; countries; Uvs; protected; protected area; protected-area; area; administration; nature; environment; 2000 |
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Report prepared in collaboration among the World Wildlife Fund Mongolia country office, Uvs Nuur Protected Area Administration, the Ministry of Nature and the Environment, and concerned agencies and individuals. March 2000. Draft. |
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SLN @ rana @ 993 |
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91 |
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Author |
Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Mardan |
Title |
Snow Leopard Survey in Tumor Nature Reserve, Xingjiang |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Sichuan Journal of Zoology |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
608-610 |
Keywords |
snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; survey; nature; reserve; national; Xinjiang; China; sign; big; cat; spray; distribution; population; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; river; area; Tomur; transects; transect; scrapes; scrape; feces; areas; valley |
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Snow leopard survey was conducted in Oct-Nov 2004 at Tumor National Natural Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Because of its special living style, the snow leopard is difficult to observe by sight. Signs left by snow leopard become a good index to prove the existance of the big cat. There are mainly five kinds of signs, footprints, fectes, claw rakes and urine spray. From them we can know the distribution, probably population and habitat selection of snow leopard. This time in Tumor we investigated 5 difference places: Pochenzi in Mozat River area, Boxidun in Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyer in Tomur River area, Kurgan and Taglak in Quiong Tailan River area. 42 transects were run in this trip and a total of 57 signs found. Among them, footprints amounted to 71.9%, scrapes 21.1%, and feces 7.0%. The results showed that the big cat existed in Yinyer, Kurgan and Taglak areas and liked to select their habitat in the valley and didn't like to live in barren areas. |
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SLN @ rana @ 873 |
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1034 |
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Author |
Jiang, Z. |
Title |
Snow leopards in the Dulan International Hunting Ground, Qinghai, China |
Type |
Report |
Year |
2005 |
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Issue |
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1-8 |
Keywords |
snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; hunting; Qinghai; China; project; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; surveys; survey; mountains; mountain; province; transect; study; area; transects; pug; pug marks; pug-marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; density; densities; wild; ungulates; ungulate; region; camera; environment; photo; capture; population; population size; population-size; Animals; Animal; 20; livestock; Human; attitudes; attitude; tibetan; 30; nature; reserve; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; species; snow line; snow-line; endemic; alpine; central; Central Asia; asia; countries; country; fox; range; areas; Xinjiang; inner; Inner-Mongolia; Mongolia; Tibet; gansu; Sichuan; habitat; protection; nature reserves; reserves; cat; populations; domestic; laws; law; field; field surveys; field survey; field-surveys; field-survey; Kunlun; distribution; survival; status; Data; conservation |
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From March to May, 2006œªwe conducted extensive snow leopard surveys in the Burhanbuda Mountain Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China. 32 linear transect of 5~15 km each, which running through each vegetation type, were surveyed within the study area. A total of 72 traces of snow leopard were found along 4 transects (12.5% of total transects). The traces included pug marks or footprints, scrapes and urine marks. We estimated the average density of wild ungulates in the region was 2.88ñ0.35 individuals km-2(n=29). We emplaced 16 auto2 trigger cameras in different environments and eight photos of snow leopard were shot by four cameras and the capture rate of snow leopard was 71.4%. The minimum snow leopard population size in the Burhanbuda Mountain was two, because two snow leopards were phototrapped by different cameras at almost same time. Simultaneously, the cameras also shot 63 photos of other wild animals, including five photos are unidentified wild animals, and 20 photos of livestock. We evaluated the human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing with 27 Tibetan householders of 30 householders live in the study area. We propose to establish a nature reserve for protecting and managing snow leopards in the region. Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is considered as a unique species because it lives above the snow line, it is endemic to alpines in Central Asia, inhabiting in 12 countries across Central Asia (Fox, 1992). Snow leopard ranges in alpine areas in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Gansu and Sichuan in western China (Liao, 1985, 1986; Zhou, 1987; Ma et al., 2002; Jiang & Xu, 2006). The total population and habitat of snow leopards in China are estimated to be 2,000~2,500 individuals and 1,824,316 km2, only 5% of which is under the protection of nature reserves. The cat's current range is fragmented (Zou & Zheng, 2003). Due to strong human persecutions, populations of snow leopards decreased significantly since the end of the 20th century. Thus, the
snow leopards are under the protection of international and domestic laws. From March to May, 2006, we conducted two field surveys in Zhiyu Village, Dulan County in Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, China to determine the population, distribution and survival status of snow leopards in the area. The aim of the study was to provide ecologic data for snow leopard conservation. |
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Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 1068 |
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493 |
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Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y. |
Title |
Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
Year |
2006 |
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23 |
Issue |
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Pages |
471-473 |
Keywords |
study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley |
Abstract |
Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides. |
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Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research |
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SLN @ rana @ 871 |
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1036 |
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Author |
The Snow Leopard Conservancy |
Title |
A Survey of Kathmandu-based Trekking Agencies: Market Opportunities for Linking Community-Based Ecotourism with the Conservation of Snow Leopard in the Annapurna Conservation Area. Report prepared for WWF-Nepal Programme |
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Report |
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2002 |
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SLC Field Series Document No. 4 |
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1-22 |
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survey; trekking; linking; community-based; ecotourism; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; annapurna; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; area; Report; trust; nature; nature conservation; Acap; Snow Leopard Conservancy; project; Manang; local; community; environment; Culture; population; number; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; endangered; cat; prey; Himalaya; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; kill; livestock; killing; herders; herder; conflict; local people; people; wildlife; tourism; incentive; protect; predator; conserve; alpine; habitat |
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In 2001 the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC), Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) and WWF-Nepal initiated a collaborative project aimed at enhancing ecotourism in the Manang area, in ways that strengthen benefits to local communities while also protecting the environment and the local culture. Manang is known for its relatively dense snow leopard population, along with supporting good numbers of blue sheep, the endangered cat's principal prey through much of the Himalaya. However, snow leopards periodically kill many livestock, leading to retributive killing by herders along with other associated people-wildlife conflict. In order to encourage the local people to better co-exist with snow leopards and other wildlife, SLC, WWF-Nepal and ACAP agreed to explore ways of providing tourism benefits to local communities as an incentive to protect this rare predator and conserve its alpine habitat. Key in this regard is the possibility of developing locally guided nature treks, and accordingly, this survey was conducted in order to assess existing market opportunities and constraints to such ecotourism enterprise. |
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Los Gatos, California |
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SLN @ rana @ 1022 |
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962 |
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Author |
Frolov M.V. |
Title |
About establishment of the Dashti-Djum nature reserve in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1981 |
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124-126 |
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Tajikistan; Dashti-Djum nature reserve; establishment; mammals; snow leopard.; 6750; Russian |
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The Dashti-Djum nature reserve is suggested to be established in an area of the Darvaza and Khazratishah ridges a habitat of markhor, ibex, long-tailed marmot, etc. Snow leopard and brawn bear are also found at some parts of the planned nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of wildlife protection in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 653 |
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326 |
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Author |
Kovalev A.K. |
Title |
Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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Vol.3. |
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247-248 |
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Tajikistan; Khazratishok ridge; Darvaza ridge; markhor; number; nature conservation; zakaznik; Ramit nature reserve; captive breeding; prey species; snow leopard.; 7320; Russian |
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The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR present and future. |
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SLN @ rana @ 710 |
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577 |
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Author |
Kadamshoev M. |
Title |
Establishment of highland nature reserves required |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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Part 1. |
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227-228 |
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Tajikistan; Pamir; Mountain Badakhshan; nature reserves; endemics; rare species; snow leopard; tourism.; 7030; Russian |
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Human population growth in the Mountain Badakhshan autonomous province will result in changes of wild life habitat. The first highland nature reserve (Muksu river basin) is proposed to be established within the habitat of Marco Polo sheep, Siberian ibex, Tien Shan brown bear, snow leopard, Himalayan and Tibetan snow-cock, bar-headed goose, bearded and Himalayan vultures. The Mountain Badakhshan nature reserve will serve as a reference for other highland landscapes of the USSR, a `fiduciary' of gene bank containing valuable endemic, rare, and endangered animal and plant species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 681 |
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509 |
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Author |
Golub O.N. |
Title |
The Ramit nature reserve and its problems |
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Miscellaneous |
Year |
1981 |
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60-61 |
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Tajikistan; Ramit nature reserve; Animals; snow leopard; ibex; number; threats.; 6770; Russian |
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The following Red Data Book species inhabit the Ramit nature reserve: snow leopard, bear, lynx, otter, Bukhara deer, etc. Its population is indicated to be closely related to number of ibex (150 animals). The latter is subject to heavy anthropogenic pressure when migrating outside the nature reserve in winter. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The status and perspectives of wildlife protection in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 655 |
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337 |
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Sapozhnikov G.N., G.O.N. |
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Ramit nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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322-329 |
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Tajikistan; Ramit nature reserve; flora; fauna; snow leopard.; 8080; Russian |
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The general information on Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan as well as its physic-geographical, floristic and faunistic description is given. 7-15 snow leopards that make seasonal migrations following wild ibexes inhabit in nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protected areas of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 786 |
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846 |
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Abdulnazarov A.G. |
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About status of the Red Book vertebrates in the Zorkul nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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5-6 |
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Tajikistan; Zorkul nature reserve; Pamir argali; rare species; snow leopard; 5750; Russian |
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In the nature reserve, there are 18 animal species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tajikistan including 8 mammal species, one of which, snow leopard, is in the Red List of IUCN. There are 10 Red Book bird species in the nature reserve. Pamir argali is represented by several dozens of isolated groups. No encounters of Tien Shan brown bear, dhole and lynx have been reported in the nature reserve over the last years. A total number of mountain geese were about 400, in the year 2001. Mongolian saker falcon was met twice. Two golden eagles and six lammergeyers were found too. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic features of biological diversity. Proceedings of the second international scientific conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 555 |
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21 |
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Author |
Sokolov V.E. |
Title |
The Chatkal nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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301-302 |
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Uzbekistan; Cahtkal nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8280; Russian |
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It provides general information about the Chatkal nature reserve (Uzbekistan), its physico-geographical features, and description of flora and fauna. Fauna of vertebrate animals includes four fishes, two amphibians, 11 reptiles, 176 birds, and 33 mammals. The typical mammals of the nature reserve are fox and badger. Sometimes, steppe cat can be met too. Snow leopard and marbled polecat are seen rarely. Brown bear is quite widely distributed. Ungulates such as wild boar and ibex are widely distributed in the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 806 |
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911 |
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Author |
Esipov V.M. |
Title |
The status and perspective protection and rehabilitation of natural ecosystems in the Chatkal state biosphere nature reserve under the State Committee for Agriculture and Industry of the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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15-17 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; conservation regime; Animals; snow leopard.; 6580; Russian |
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The area of the Chatkal nature reserve reduced as part of its territory (a land plot in the Shavasay river basin) was assigned to a military game preserve. As regime of protection worsened, number of animals such as Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, ibex, snow cock, and black stork began to reduce. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of wildlife protection development. |
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SLN @ rana @ 636 |
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265 |
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Author |
Esipov V.M. |
Title |
Chatkal mountain-forest nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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64-68 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; flora; fauna; researching; rare species; snow leopard.; 6570; Russian |
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It described history of the Chatkal nature, flora and fauna, scientific and conservation activities. Snow leopard, brown bear, Menzbier's marmot, golden eagle, snake-eagle and lammergeyer inhabited in nature reserve. These species included in Red data book. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunter and fisherman of Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 635 |
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264 |
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Esipov A.V. |
Title |
The 56th anniversary of the Chatkal reserve |
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2003 |
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15 |
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15 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; fauna; rare species; snow leopard.; 6610; Russian |
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Being one of nine nature reserves in Uzbekistan, Chatkal was established in 1947. Its area changed its size and administrative jurisdiction. Foothills adjacent to the nature reserve were long ago inhabited and developed by people. In Middle Ages, the area of juniperous forest reduced considerably because of mining operations. There are rare mammal species in the nature reserve, such as snow leopard, bear, Menzbier's marmot, and six rare bird species |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guliston Journal |
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SLN @ rana @ 639 |
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256 |
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Bogdanov O.P. |
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The Chatkal state mountain forest biosphere reserve. The Hissar nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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11-28 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; Hissar nature reserve; birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; plants; rare species; numerous species; snow leopard.; 6370; Russian |
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In a popular form it describes the origination, nature and fauna of the Chatkal nature reserve. Habitats and ecology of Menzbier's marmot, water-snake, forest dormouse, and fox are described. It also indicates mammal and bird species listed in the Red Book of the USSR black vulture, griffon vulture, bearded vulture, golden eagle, snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, and Tien-Shan brown bear. There are 23 mammal species in the Hissar nature reserve. Ecology of snow leopard and Siberian mountain ibex is described. In the year 1977, 15 Turkestan lynx, about 25 Tien-Shan brown bears, five to seven snow leopards, and 120 150 Siberian mountain ibex were counted in the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Uzbekistan. Stories of naturalist. |
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SLN @ rana @ 615 |
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184 |
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Krasilnikov N. |
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Nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1988 |
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174-176 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; ibex; snow leopard.; 7450; Russian |
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It describes a story of a visit to the Chatkal nature reserve, of encounters with fox, chukars, ibex, eagles, and snow leopard. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The motley days. |
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SLN @ rana @ 723 |
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590 |
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Esipov V.M. |
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The nature reserve in the spurs of Tien Shan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1978 |
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Vol.8. |
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8 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; location; Animals; snow leopard.; 6560; Russian |
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The Chatkal state mountain forest nature reserve is located in western spurs of the Chatkal ridge. The permanent inhabitants of the nature reserve are ibex, wild boar, roe-deer, bear, badger, porcupine, stone marten, fox, ermine, Menzbier's marmot, and relict suslik (gopher), and bird species such as gray partridge, snow-cock, black vulture, griffon vulture, etc. Under special protection are rare animal and bird species such as snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, bearded vulture, golden eagle, etc. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Journal `Soviet Uzbekistan Today' |
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SLN @ rana @ 634 |
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263 |
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Zheleznyakov D.F. |
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Order Predators |
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Miscellaneous |
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1958 |
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Edition 1. |
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110-112 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; mammals; snow leopard.; 8720; Russian |
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Data about distribution of stone marten, ermine, weasel, badger, bear, wolf, fox, and snow leopard in the Chatkal nature reserve is provided. In Tien Shan, snow leopard is not a rare species, and even a rather common species in some places. In the nature reserve, snow leopard was observed near the mountain Kurgan-Tash in 1948. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of the mountain-forest state nature reserve. |
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SLN @ rana @ 849 |
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1076 |
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Miraki Reservation, Chatkal Reservation |
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Miscellaneous |
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1978 |
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9-11 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; landscapes; flora; fauna; natural monuments; snow leopard.; 7670; Russian |
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It describes history of the Miraki and Chatkal nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning area, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna as well as natural monuments. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Uzbekistan's Reservations and Natural Monuments. XIV General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. |
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SLN @ rana @ 745 |
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13 |
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Moiseev V. |
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Around Tien Shan and Hissaro-Alai |
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1993 |
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7-14 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; rare species; game species; brown bear; Menzbier's marmot; golden eagle; wild ibex; wild boar; snow leopard.; 7700; Russian |
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A visit to a nature reserve, where the author met protected animals, is described in a popular form. It describes the encounters with wild boar, griffon vulture, brown bear, Menzbier's marmot, Tien Shan souslik, golden eagle, snow leopard, and Siberian ibex. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Alone with nature. |
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SLN @ rana @ 748 |
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700 |
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Jumaev T. |
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Fauna. Nature protection in mountains and nature reserves |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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89-91 |
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Uzbekistan; fauna; endemics; altitudinal zonality; nature reserves; human activity; snow leopard.; 7020; Russian |
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Uzbekistan's mountain fauna is characterized by the presence of species endemic to Central Asia, and species typical for Mediterranean, India, Afghanistan, the mountains of Central Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, and other neighbouring countries and regions. Of 300 mammals of the USSR, more than 120 inhabit mountains of Central Asia. More diverse is the bird fauna (500 species) and fish fauna. The mountain species are distributed according to the highland zoning. The fauna of highland zone is very peculiar: brown bear, snow leopard, ermine, weasel, wolf, Siberian ibex, argali, and marmot. The following species are under protection in the mountain nature reserves in Uzbekistan: Siberian ibex, roe-deer, Menzbier's marmot, stone marten, ermine, Turkistan lynx, Tien Shan brown bear, Severtsev's sheep, wild boar, marbled polecat, steppe cat, porcupine, snow leopard, otter, badger, long-tailed marmot, marchor, urial, etc. Development of the area resulted in disappearance of Caspian tiger and dhole. The endangered species are cheetah, North Persian leopard, striped hyena, houbara bustard; extremely endangered are Transcaspian urial, marchor, otter, black stock, etc. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mountains of Uzbekistan. Nature, Economy, Vocations. |
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SLN @ rana @ 680 |
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508 |
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Vashetko E.V. |
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On the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1996 |
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Issue 1. |
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35-43 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; fauna; vertebrates; amphibians; reptiles; mammals; lizards; snakes; insectivores; bats; carnivores; ungulates; rodents; lagomorphs; species composition; biodiversity assessment; snow leopard.; 8460; Russian |
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The data on the species composition, numbers and distribution of the terrestrial vertebrates over territory Hissar nature reserve are discussed. About 60 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the reserve as a result of our own researches and the analyses of communication. There were recorded 5-7 individuals of snow leopard in Kyzylsu site of nature reserve and 15 individuals in Miraki site of nature reserve in 1979-1981. |
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Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 823 |
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981 |
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Vashetko E.V. |
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Materials for studying fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1994 |
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33-34 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; geographical zone; cadastre; fauna; distribution; snow leopard.; 8450 |
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A vertebrate fauna inventory in the Hissar nature reserve showed that various natural zones here are certainly inhabited by 45 species: amphibians one species; reptiles 12; mammals 32. Reptiles such as Alai snake-eyed skink and Central Asian viper and mammal species such as wolf, fox, brown bear, weasel, grey hamster can be found in all natural zones here up to 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, and long-tailed marmot can be found in the juniperous forests and higher elevations. |
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Journal Title: Behavioral ecology (Animals and soil ecology). |
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SLN @ rana @ 822 |
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980 |
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Author |
Kamelin R.V. |
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The Hissar Nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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272-282 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; mammals; number; snow leopard.; 7060; Russian |
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It provides general information about the Hissar nature reserve (Uzbekistan), its physico-geographical features and description of flora and fauna. The following predator species inhabit the nature reserve: wolf, fox, Tien Shan brown bear (four five animals per 100 sq. km), ermine, weasel, stone marten, otter, badger, lynx (two animals per 100 sq. km) and snow leopard (about 10 animals). Wild boar and ibex are common species for the area (22 25 animals per 100 sq. km). |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 684 |
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512 |
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