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Author |
Xinchun, M. |
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Title |
Distribution in the wild and the captive raising of snow leopards in Xinjiang, China |
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1994 |
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157-162 |
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distribution; habitat; ibex; blue-sheep; argali; hides; skins; pelts; furs; coats; zoos; zoo; China; captivity; care; husbandry; feeding; diet; housing; Disease; blue; sheep; browse; 3770 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 267 |
Serial |
1031 |
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Author |
Wu, D., Maming, R., Xu, G., Zhu X., Buzzard, P. |
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Title |
Relationship between ibex and snow leopard about food chain and population density in Tian Shan |
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2015 |
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Selevinia |
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186-190 |
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Keywords |
diet, ibex, snow leopard |
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Abstract |
Many studies have demonstrated that ibex (Capra sibirica) are the most frequently eaten prey of snow
leopards (Panthera uncia) in Xinjiang, the west of China. Thus, an understanding of interactions between these species may have significant management and conservation of implications for both. In this study, we provide information on ibex grouping and density over a 24 month period in the Tian Shan of Xinjiang, China. We then use ibex density to estimate the density of snow leopards. We observed ibex primarily in ewe-lamb groups (N=880), but ibex sexual segregation and grouping changed seasonally with more mixed-sex groups during the winter rut. We observed the most ibex in April 2014 and 2015 with an average of (2422 ± 119 ibex). Over the 1643 km2 study area we then estimated an ibex density of 154 ± 23 ibex /100 km2 from which we estimated a density of 1.31~2.58 snow leopards/100 km2. |
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no |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1439 |
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Author |
Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P. |
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Title |
What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Wildlife Society Bulletin |
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1-8 |
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diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of |
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Abstract |
Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera
uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable
knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget
species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements.
Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using
genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in
snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed
snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic
microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to
64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for
snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard
scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report
inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent
occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1445 |
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Author |
Bagchi, S.; Mishra, C.; Bhatnagar, Y. |
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Title |
Conflicts between traditional pastoralism and conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans-Himalayan mountains |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Animal Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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7 |
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121-128 |
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Keywords |
conflicts; traditional pastoralism; himalayan ibex; ibex; capra sibirica; trans-himalayan mountains; pin valley national park; spiti region; non-metric multidimensional scaling; snow leopard; wolf; wild dog; Lynx; wild ass; Tibetan argali; Tibetan antelope; Tibetan gazelle; urial; bharal; Pin River; pin valley; Parahio; goat; sheep; Cattle; horses; yaks; donkeys; diet; free-ranging horses; herded horses; grazing; 5290 |
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There is recent evidence to suggest that domestic livestock deplete the density and diversity of wild herbivores in the cold deserts of the Trans-Himalaya by imposing resource limitations. To ascertain the degree and nature of threats faced by Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) from seven livestock species, we studied their resource use patterns over space, habitat and food dimensions in the pastures of Pin Valley National Park in the Spiti region of the Indian Himalaya. Species diet profiles were obtained by direct observations. We assessed the similarity in habitat use and diets of ibex and livestock using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling. We estimated the influence of the spatial distribution of livestock on habitat and diet choice of ibex by examining their co-occurrence patterns in cells overlaid on the pastures. The observed co-occurrence of ibex and livestock in cells was compared with null-models generated through Monte Carlo simulations. The results suggest that goats and sheep impose resource limitations on ibex and exclude them from certain pastures. In the remaining suitable habitat, ibex share forage with horses. Ibex remained relatively unaffected by other livestock such as yaks, donkeys and cattle. However, most livestock removed large amounts of forage from the pastures (nearly 250 kg of dry matter/day by certain species), thereby reducing forage availability for ibex. Pertinent conservation issues are discussed in the light of multiple-use of parks and current socio-economic transitions in the region, which call for integrating social and ecological feedback into management planning. |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 514 |
Serial |
106 |
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Author |
Shuren, X. |
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Title |
An introduction to feeding and management of snow leopard in Xining Zoo, China |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1994 |
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177-182 |
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Keywords |
China; zoos; zoo; captivity; management; diet; behavior; trapping; hunting; breeding; mating; reproduction; browse; 3740 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Notes |
full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 266 |
Serial |
893 |
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Author |
Qiming, H.; Guoxin, L. |
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Title |
Notes on the keeping of the snow leopard at the Beijing Zoo |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1994 |
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195-197 |
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China; zoos; zoo; Beijing; temperature; care; husbandry; diet; food; parasites; gastroentertitis; browse; 3320 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 242 |
Serial |
799 |
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Author |
Qiming, X. |
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Title |
Captive care and management of wild snow leopard cubs at the Chengdu Zoo, China |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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187-189 |
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Keywords |
China; zoos; captivity; cubs; husbandry; care; food; diet; housing; browse; 3830 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 250 |
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800 |
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Author |
Hongguang, H.; Yongfu, X. |
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Title |
Captive snow leopards in the Chongqing Zoo |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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191-193 |
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Keywords |
China; zoos; captivity; cage; food; feeding; diet; management; zoo; browse; 3390 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 228 |
Serial |
389 |
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Author |
Lovari, S., Ventimiglia, M., Minder, I. |
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Title |
Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Ethology Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
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25 |
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4 |
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305-318 |
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Keywords |
carnivore evolution, coexistence, sympatric species, diet, Panthera uncia, Panthera pardus. |
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For carnivore species, spatial avoidance is one of the evolutionary solutions to
coexist in an area, especially if food habits overlap and body sizes tend to coincide.
We reviewed the diets of two large cats of similar sizes, the endangered snow leopard
(Panthera uncia, 16 studies) and the near-threatened common leopard (Panthera par-
dus, 11 studies), in Asia. These cats share ca 10,000 km2 of their mountainous range,
although snow leopards tend to occur at a significantly higher altitude than common
leopards, the former being a cold-adapted species of open habitats, whereas the latter
is an ecologically flexible one, with a preference for woodland. The spectrum of prey
of common leopards was 2.5 times greater than that of snow leopards, with wild prey
being the staple for both species. Livestock rarely contributed much to the diet. When
the breadth of trophic niches was compared, overlap ranged from 0.83 (weight categories)
to one (main food categories). As these leopard species have approximately
the same size and comparable food habits, one can predict that competition will arise
when they live in sympatry. On mountains, climate change has been elevating the
upper forest limit, where both leopard species occur. This means a habitat increase
for common leopards and a substantial habitat reduction for snow leopards, whose
range is going to be squeezed between the forest and the barren rocky altitudes, with
medium- to long-term undesirable effects on the conservation of this endangered cat |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1403 |
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Author |
Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S. |
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Title |
A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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The Journal of Nutrition |
Abbreviated Journal |
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129 |
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380-390 |
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captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal |
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Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized.
Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management.
Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation
categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically
from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene,
lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated
from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as
low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were
classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total
serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely,
from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration
of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation
of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls,
lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had
negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only
b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety
of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid
metabolism and function. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 257 |
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896 |
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