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	Author	Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Qasim, M., Baloch, M. N., Bohnett, E., Yang, F., Khan, I., Ahmad, B.
	Title	Modelling Potential Distribution of Snow Leopards in Pamir, Northern Pakistan: Implications for Human–Snow Leopard Conflicts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Sustainability	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	13229	Pages	1-15
	Keywords	habitat fragmentation; habitat suitability; land use/cover change; Panthera uncia; MaxEnt model
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a cryptic and rare big cat inhabiting Asia’s remote and harsh elevated areas. Its population has decreased across the globe for various reasons, includ
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1664
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	Author	Johansson, O., McCarthy, T., Samelius, G., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C.
	Title	Snow leopard predation in a livestock dominated landscape in Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	184	Issue		Pages	251-258
	Keywords	Gobi desert, GPS collar, Kill rate, Panthera uncial, Prey choice, Wildlife conflict
	Abstract	Livestock predation is an important cause of endangerment of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) across its range. Yet, detailed information on individual and spatio-temporal variation in predation patterns of snow leopards and their kill rates of livestock and wild ungulates are lacking. We collared 19 snow leopards in the Tost Mountains, Mongolia, and searched clusters of GPS positions to identify prey remains and estimate kill rate and prey choice. Snow leopards killed, on average, one ungulate every 8 days, which included more wild prey (73%) than livestock (27%), despite livestock abundance being at least one order of magnitude higher. Predation on herded livestock occurred mainly on stragglers and in rugged areas where animals are out of sight of herders. The two wild ungulates, ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon), were killed in proportion to their relative abundance. Predation patterns changed with spatial (wild ungulates) and seasonal (livestock) changes in prey abundance. Adult male snow leopards killed larger prey and 2–6 times more livestock compared to females and young males. Kill rates were considerably higher than previous scat-based estimates, and kill rates of females were higher than kill rates of males. We suggest that (i) snow leopards prey largely on wild ungulates and kill livestock opportunistically, (ii) retaliatory killing by livestock herders is likely to cause greater mortality of adult male snow leopards compared to females and young males, and (iii) total off-take of prey by a snow leopard population is likely to be much higher than previous estimates suggest.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1420
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	Author	Poyarkov, A. D., Munkhtsog, B., Korablev, M. P., Kuksin, A. N., Alexandrov, D. Y., Chistopolova, M. D.,Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., Munkhtogtokh, O., Karnaukhov, A. S., Lkhamsuren, N., Bayaraa, M., Jackson, R. M., Maheshwari, A., Rozhnov, V. V.
	Title	Assurance of the existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) at Tsagaanshuvuut – Tsagan- Shibetu SPA at the Mongolia-Russia border			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Integrative Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	15	Pages	224-231
	Keywords	FST, home range, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, trans-boundary population
	Abstract	The existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) that inhabits the massifs of Tsagaanshuvuut (Mongolia) – Tsagan-Shibetu (Russia) was determined through non-invasive genetic analysis of scat samples and by studying the structure of territory use by a collared female individual. The genetic analysis included species identification of samples through sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome b gene and individual identification using a panel of 8 microsatellites. The home range of a female snow leopard marked with a satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) collar was represented by the minimum convex polygon method (MCP) 100, the MCP 95 method and the fixed kernel 95 method. The results revealed insignificant genetic differentiation between snow leopards that inhabit both massifs (minimal fixation index [FST]), and the data testify to the unity of the cross-border group. Moreover, 5 common individuals were identified from Mongolian and Russian territories. This finding clearly shows that their home range includes territories of both countries. In addition, regular movement of a collared snow leopard in Mongolia and Russia confirmed the existence of a cross-border snow leopard group. These data support that trans-boundary conservation is important for snow leopards in both countries. We conclude that it is crucial for Russia to study the northern range of snow leopards in Asia.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1493
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	Author	Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., Baral, N.
	Title	What explains tourists support for snow leopard conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal?			Type	Journal Article
	Year		Publication	Human Dimensions of Wildlife	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-15
	Keywords	Flagship species; Himalayas; knowledge-attitude-practice model; Panthera uncia; protected area management; tourism
	Abstract	Wildlife tourism is increasingly important for the conservation of threatened species such as snow leopards. However, what tourists know or value about snow leopards, and to what extent they support the conservation of this species, has received limited empirical attention. This paper investigates tourist knowledge about snow leopards, beliefs and values toward the species, and support for its conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal. Survey data were collected from 406 foreign tourists between March and May 2014. Although knowledge about snow leopards varied among respondents, there was widespread support for their conservation. Knowledge about snow leopards was best explained by education level and environmental organization membership. Improved knowledge about the species, and a variety of intrinsic conservation values, were found to increase tourist support for snow leopard conservation. These results provide important insights to help tailor tourism initiatives to support the conservation of snow leopards.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1474
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.; Nystrom, V.
	Title	On identifying snow leopards, Panthera uncia, by their facial markings			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	159-167
	Keywords	facial markings; International; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; pedigree; snow leopard
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	Series Editor		Series Title	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Series Title
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 959			Serial	149
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	Author	Murali, R., Redpath, S., Mishra, C.
	Title	The value of ecosystem services in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Elsevier	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	28	Pages	115-123
	Keywords	Ecosystem services, Pastoralists, Local communities, Provisioning services Economic valuation, Panthera uncia
	Abstract	The high mountain ranges of South and Central Asia are increasingly being exposed to large-scale development projects. These areas are home to traditional pastoralist communities and internationally important biodiversity including the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia. Development projects rely on economic cost-benefit analysis, but the ecosystem services in the high Himalayas are poorly understood and are rarely accounted for. As a first step to fill this gap, we identified the main ecosystem services used by local people in the Trans-Himalayan Spiti Valley (7591 km2), a region important for conservation of snow leopards and high mountain biodiversity, and undertook an economic valuation. Stakeholders identified a range of services, though these were dominated by provisioning services identified by 90% of respondents. Only 5.4% of the respondents recognised regulatory services and 4.8% recognised cultural services. The mean economic value of provisioning services was estimated at US$ 3622 ± 149 HH1 yr1, which was 3.8 times higher than the average annual household income. Our results underscore the need to account for ecosystem services in the cost-benefit analyses of large-scale development projects in addition to assessments of their environmental and social impact.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1462
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	Author	Yanfa, L.
	Title	A preliminary investigation into the geographic distribution of the snow leopard Panthera uncia Schreber			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Acta Theriologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	184-188
	Keywords	distribution; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese
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	Publisher		Place of Publication	China	Editor
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	Notes	In both Chinese and English.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 974			Serial	1044
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	Author	Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P.
	Title	What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Wildlife Society Bulletin	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of
	Abstract	Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1445
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	Author	Fix, A.S.; Riordan, D.P.; Hill, H.T.; Gill, M.A.; Evans, M.B.
	Title	Feline panleukopena virus and subsequent canine-distemper virus infection in two snow leopards (Panthera uncia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	20	Issue	3	Pages	273-281
	Keywords	diagnosis; fecal; Fpv; leukemia; panleukopenia; panthera uncia; snow leopard; therapy; vaccination; veterinary; Virus; zoo
	Abstract	Two adult snow leopards (Panthera uncia), male and female, both with vaccinations current, became infected with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) at the Blank Park Zoo, Des Moines, Iowa, in late 1988. Clinical signs included weakness, hemorrhagic feces, fever, seizures, and nasal discharge. Blood analysis revealed severe lymphopenia and mild anemia. A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for FPV on fecal contents from the male leopard confirmed the diagnosis. In spite of intensive therapy, both animals died. Necropsy of the female, which survived for 1 wk after onset of signs, revealed intestinal crypt necrosis, pulmonary consolidation, necrotizing laryngitis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion. The male leopard, which lived 3 wk after onset of illness, had similar enteric and lymphoid lesions. In addition, there was a severe interstitial pneumonia, with syncytial cells containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Ultrastructural characteristics of these inclusions featured tubular structures consistent with a paramyxovirus. Although repeated virus isolation attempts from the affected lung were negative, polyclonal and monoclonal fluorescent antibody tests were strongly positive for canine distemper virus (CDV). Frozen paired sera from each leopard demonstrated very high acute and convalescing titers to FPV; both animals also seroconverted to CDV, with titers in the male leopard higher than those in the female. Additional tests for toxoplasmosis, feline infectious peritonitis, feline rhinotracheitis, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia, canine parainfluenza, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were all negative. The neurologic signs present in these leopards remained unexplained, but may have been attributable to CDV infection. A feral cat trapped on zoo property had feces positive for FPV by ELISA. Although the specific contributions of FPV and CDV toward the development of this case are unknown, it is likely that initial FPV-induced immunosuppression allowed the subsequent development of CDV in these snow leopards. The likelihood that initial FPV infection came from feral cats underscores the importance of feral animal control on zoo premises.
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	Notes	Addresses:FIX AS, IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011BLANK PK ZOO,DES MOINES,IA 50315NORDEN LABS INC,LINCOLN,NE 68501NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010 Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Connective Phrase: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 147			Serial	277
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	Author	Mallon, D. P., Jackson, R. M.
	Title	A downlist is not a demotion: Red List status and reality			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-5
	Keywords	Cryptic, IUCN Red List, Panthera uncia, population estimate, snow leopard, species assessment
	Abstract	Assessments of biodiversity status are needed to track trends, and the IUCN Red List has become the accepted global standard for documenting the extinction risk of species. Obtaining robust data on population size is an essential component of any assessment of a species� status, including assessments for the IUCN Red List. Obtaining such estimates is complicated by methodological and logistical issues, which are more pronounced in the case of cryptic species, such as the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Estimates of the total population size of this species have, to date, been based on little more than guesstimates, but a comprehensive summary of recent field research indicates that the conservation status of the snow leopard may be less dire than previously thought. A revised categorization, from Endangered to Vulnerable, on the IUCN Red List was proposed but met some opposition, as did a recent, similar recategorization of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Possible factors motivating such attitudes are discussed. Downlisting on the IUCN Red List indicates that the species concerned is further from extinction, and is always to be welcomed, whether resulting from successful conservation intervention or improved knowledge of status and trends. Celebrating success is important to reinforce the message that conservation works, and to incentivize donors.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1460
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