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| Author | Atzeni, L., Cushman, S. A., Bai, D., Wang, J., Chen, P., Shi, K., Riordan, P. | ||||
| Title | Meta-replication, sampling bias, and multi-scale model selection: A case study on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in western China. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-27 | ||
Keywords  |
MaxEnt, meta-replication, multi-scale, Panthera uncia, sampling bias, scale selection, snow leopard, species distribution model | ||||
| Abstract | Replicated multiple scale species distribution models (SDMs) have become increasingly important to identify the correct variables determining species distribution and their influences on ecological responses. This study explores multi-scale habitat relationships of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in two study areas on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau of western China. Our primary objectives were to evaluate the degree to which snow leopard habitat relationships, expressed by predictors, scales of response, and magnitude of effects, were consistent across study areas or locally landcape-specific. We coupled univariate scale optimization and the maximum entropy algorithm to produce multivariate SDMs, inferring the relative suitability for the species by ensembling top performing models. We optimized the SDMs based on average omission rate across the top models and ensembles’ overlap with a simulated reference model. Comparison of SDMs in the two study areas highlighted landscape-specific responses to limiting factors. These were dependent on the effects of the hydrological network, anthropogenic features, topographic complexity, and the heterogeneity of the landcover patch mosaic. Overall, even accounting for specific local differences, we found general landscape attributes associated with snow leopard ecological requirements, consisting of a positive association with uplands and ridges, aggregated low-contrast landscapes, and large extents of grassy and herbaceous vegetation. As a means to evaluate the performance of two bias correction methods, we explored their effects on three datasets showing a range of bias intensities. The performance of corrections depends on the bias intensity; however, density kernels offered a reliable correction strategy under all circumstances. This study reveals the multi-scale response of snow leopards to environmental attributes and confirms the role of meta-replicated study designs for the identification of spatially varying limiting factors. Furthermore, this study makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion about the best approaches for sampling bias correction. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1616 | |||
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| Author | Kazensky, C.A.; Munson, L.; Seal, U.S. | ||||
| Title | The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-5 |
| Keywords |
Mga; zoo; felids; contraception; Melengestrol-acetate; ovaries; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; snow leopard; browse; uncia; panthera; melengestrol; acetate; 1260; effects; study; ovarian; Ovary; captive; wild; wild felid; Wild-Felid; species; Follicle; Cats; cat; recent; Ovulation; doses; Dose; action; Progestin; Disease; veterinary | ||||
| Abstract | Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is the most widely used contraceptive in zoo felids, but the mechanism of contraception and the pathologic effects have not been investigated. For this study, the effects of MGA on folliculogenesis were assessed, and the association of MGA with ovarian lesions was evaluated. Comparisons were made among the histopathologic findings in the ovaries from 88 captive wild felids (representing 15 species) divided into three groups: 37 currently contracepted with MGA, eight previously exposed to MGA, and 43 never contracepted. Ninety-one percent of the felids evaluated had tertiary follicles, and no differences were noted between contracepted and uncontracepted cats. Some MGA-contracepted cats also had corpora lutea indicating recent ovulation. These results indicate that folliculogenesis is not suppressed by current doses of MGA and ovulation occurred in some cats. Therefore, the contraceptive actions of MGA do not occur by suppressing folliculogenesis, and MGA-contracepted felids likely have endogenous estrogens that may confound progestin effects on the uterus. Cystic rete ovarii was the most common pathologic finding, but they were not more prevalent in MGA-contracepted cats. These findings indicate that MGA is not associated with ovarian disease, including ovarian cancer, in contrast to the uterine lesions noted in MGA-treated cats. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English. Affiliation: Taylor Veterinary Hospital, Turlock , California 95382, USA | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 348 | Serial | 527 | ||
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| Author | Janecka, J. E., Jackson, R., Munkhtsog, B., Murphy, W. J. | ||||
| Title | Characterization of 9 microsatellites and primers in snow leopards and a species-specific PCR assay for identifying noninvasive samples | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Conservation Genetic Resource | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 369:373 |
| Keywords |
Microsatellites,Cytochrome b, Snow Leopard, Noninvasive genetics, Individual identification | ||||
| Abstract | Molecular markers that can effectively identify noninvasively collected samples and provide genetic information are critical for understanding the distribution, status, and ecology of snow leopards (Panthera uncia). However, the low DNA quantity and quality in many noninvasive samples such as scats makes PCR amplification and genotyping challenging. We therefore designed primers for 9 microsatellites loci previously isolated in the domestic cat (Felis catus) specifically for snow leopard studies using noninvasive samples. The loci showed moderate levels of variation in two Mongolian snow leopard populations. Combined with seven other loci that we previously described, they have sufficient variation (He = 0.504, An = 3.6) for individual identification and population structure analysis. We designed a species species specific PCR assay using cytochrome b for identification of unknown snow leopard samples. These molecular markers facilitate in depth studies to assess distribution, abundance, population structure, and landscape connectivity of this endangered species. endangered species |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1427 | ||
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| Author | Janecka, J. E., Jackson, R., Munkhtsog, B., Murphy, W. J. | ||||
| Title | Characterization of 9 microsatellites and primers in snow leopards and a species-specific PCR assay for identifying noninvasive samples | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Conservation Genetic Resource | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 369:373 |
| Keywords |
Microsatellites,Cytochrome b, Snow Leopard, Noninvasive genetics, Individual identification | ||||
| Abstract | Molecular markers that can effectively identify noninvasively collected samples and provide genetic information are critical for understanding the distribution, status, and ecology of snow leopards (Panthera uncia). However, the low DNA quantity and quality in many noninvasive samples such as scats makes PCR amplification and genotyping challenging. We therefore designed primers for 9 microsatellites loci previously isolated in the domestic cat (Felis catus) specifically for snow leopard studies using noninvasive samples. The loci showed moderate levels of variation in two Mongolian snow leopard populations. Combined with seven other loci that we previously described, they have sufficient variation (He = 0.504, An = 3.6) for individual identification and population structure analysis. We designed a species species specific PCR assay using cytochrome b for identification of unknown snow leopard samples. These molecular markers facilitate in depth studies to assess distribution, abundance, population structure, and landscape connectivity of this endangered species. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1428 | ||
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| Author | Bannikov A.G. | ||||
| Title | Mountains of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1966 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 222-223 | ||
| Keywords |
Middle Asia; Kazakhstan; nature reserves; plants; Animals; snow leopard; preys.; 6130 | ||||
| Abstract | The data on geographical location, plants and animals of mountain nature reserves of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan are given. Snow leopard and its preys (wild ibexes and sheep) were recorded in both Almaty and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Visiting of Soviet Union nature reserves. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 591 | Serial | 112 | ||
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| Author | Bobrinskiy N.A. | ||||
| Title | Mountains of Central Asia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1967 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 296-321 | ||
| Keywords |
Middle Asia; mountain; tien shan; Pamir; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Kopet-Dag ridge; Animals; plants; Issyk-Kul lake; Sary-Chelek; spiders; birds; lizards; marmots; wild sheep; ibex; snow leopard.; 6330; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provides a zoogeographical description of Central Asia mountains: Tien Shan (west and east), Pamir, the Turkestan and Hissar ridges, and ruinous mountains in Kyzylkum. Distribution of various animal species over the area under study is described. Data concerning Central Asia sheep, ibex, and snow leopard in the alpine meadow zone, and data concerning the otter (in the Tupalang river basin) and grey partridge is presented. The author noted that generally fauna of Tien Shan, Hissar, and Pamir is similar to that of Inner Asia. The other type of fauna more similar to that of Transcaucasia is typical for Kopet-Dag. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna and nature of the USSR. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 611 | Serial | 180 | ||
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| Author | Formozov A.N. | ||||
| Title | Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 83-84 | ||
| Keywords |
Migration; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6740; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Snow cover in life of mammals and birds. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 652 | Serial | 283 | ||
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| Author | Yondon, O. | ||||
| Title | Long-Term Conservation of Argali and Snow Leopard in the Trans-Boundary Areas of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion between Mongolia and Russia (Second Phase) | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-6 | ||
| Keywords |
Mongolia, Russia, argali, snow leopard, Altai-Sayan | ||||
| Abstract | Objective 1: To ensure long-term conservation of Argali and Snow leopard in the selected areas through proactive involvement of local communities and local organisations. Objective 2. Facilitate establishing new PA in priority areas (critical habitat and migration corridors) of Argali and Snow leopard, which includes also trans-boundary PA’s |
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| Corporate Author | WWF Mongolia | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | WWF Mongolia | Place of Publication | Mongolia | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Half-year (6 month) report | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1106 | ||
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| Author | Sharma, K. | ||||
| Title | The mysterious irbis | Type | Magazine Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Sanctuary Asia | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 28 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 52-57 |
| Keywords |
Mongolia, Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, long-term, ecology, Tost, snow leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1300 | ||
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| Author | Richardson, N. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard: ghost of the mountains | Type | Newspaper Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | The telegraph | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 16 Dec 2010 | Pages | ||
| Keywords |
Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, Panthera, snow leopard, research | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards face the threats of poaching, habitat loss and diminishing prey. In remotest Mongolia, a research team is keeping tabs on this iconic and elusive species. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/8207266/The-snow-leopard-ghost-of-the-mountains.html | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1292 | ||
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| Author | Sukhbat, K.; Munkhtsog, B. | ||||
| Title | Density and Distribution of Ibex and Argali Sheep in Mongolia | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 121-123 | ||
| Keywords |
Mongolia; argali; habitat; predator; prey; ibex; ungulates; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 2840 | ||||
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| Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Lahore, Pakistan | Editor | R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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| Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 329 | Serial | 942 | ||
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| Author | Scheber | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard in the south part of Gobi-Altai mountain range | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 17 | ||
| Keywords |
Mongolia; asia; snow-leopard; herders; livestock; predators; prey; gobi; distribution; snow leopard; browse; 960 | ||||
| Abstract | Accorfing to the information from Gurvan its rumored that the snow leopards grow in number and many times they attacked the livestock entering into the domestic area causing damage, we investigated theGurvan Tes sumon of Umnogobi aimag and also Noyon sumon todisplay the reserve review and spreading area of snow leopard from 22 of December of 1975 to 10th of January of 1976. | ||||
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| Notes | The Snow Leopard Trust has a hand copied form of this document translated from Russian, | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 28 | Serial | 872 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Mongolia; conservation; legal-status; Iunc; Cites; distribution; status; Altay; gobi; parks; preserves; habitat; reserves; refuge; protected-area; poaching; hunting; trade; furs; pelts; skins; coats; bones; trapping; livestock; herders; killing; habitat-fragmentation; threats; Disease; prey; diet; Mne; laws; education; management; Macne; Wwf; Islt; regulations; monitoring; Slims; tourism; conflict; browse; legal status; legal; protected; area; fragmentation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; 3890 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text Available at URL: DRAFT | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 366 | Serial | 657 | ||
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| Author | Smith, G. | ||||
| Title | Mongolia at the crossroads | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Earth Island Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1 |
| Keywords |
Mongolia; hunting; poaching; economy; snow-leopard; ibex; Argal; protection; conservation; snow leopard; browse; 1170 | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract: Assesses foreign investment laws adopted by the government of Mongolia which have been deemed extremely flexible and favorable for Americans. Economic benefits presented by the big game hunt industry; Consultation with Secretary of State James Baker in the formulation of said laws during his July The Mongolian government is trying its best to make the country attractive to foreign investors. Big game hunts are still Mongolia's primary source of foreign cash. European and American hunters are willing to pay as much as $90,000 for rare game such as the ibex or the snow leopard. However, a recent US Fish and Wildlife Service ruling giving protection to the Argal, a wild sheep, could mean the cutting of cash inflows from foreign hunters. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 189 | Serial | 903 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Comes of Age | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Mongolia; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; slcp; conservation; knitting-for-snow-leopards; education; herders; conflict; livestock; prey; David-Shepard-Conservation-Foundation; WWF-Mongolia; browse; snow; leopard; plan; knitting; foundation; Dscf; Wwf; 3860 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL Published in Cat News, 2000 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 382 | Serial | 661 | ||
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| Author | Bannikov, A. | ||||
| Title | Mammals of the Mongolian People's Republic | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1954 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Mongolia; snow-leopard; browse; 2680; Russian | ||||
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| Publisher | Academy of Sciences | Place of Publication | Moscow | Editor | |
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| Notes | Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 15 | Serial | 116 | ||
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| Author | Mallon, D. | ||||
| Title | The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1984 | Publication | Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | Pages | 3-9 | |
| Keywords |
Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950 | ||||
| Abstract | In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URLDocument Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 114 | Serial | 643 | ||
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| Author | Sunquist, F. | ||||
| Title | Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | International Wildlife | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-33 |
| Keywords |
Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples. | ||||
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| Notes | COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 330 | Serial | 950 | ||
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| Author | Ale, S., Thapa, K., Jackson, R., Smith, J.L.D. | ||||
| Title | The fate of snow leopards in and around Mt. Everest | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | Autumn | Pages | 19-21 |
| Keywords |
Mt. Everest, Everest, Rolwaling, snow leopard, re-colonize, Nepal | ||||
| Abstract | Since the early 2000s snow leopards Panthera uncia have re-colonized the southern slopes of Mt. Everest after several decades of extirpation. Are they now beginning to disperse to the adjoining valleys that may serve as habitat corridors linking the Everest region to other protected areas in Nepal? We conducted a cursory survey in autumn 2009 in Rolwaling lying west of Mt. Everest and detected snow leopard presence. We conclude that in these remote valleys snow leopards must rely upon livestock given the low abundance of natural prey, Himalayan tahr. Livestock-rearing is unfortunately declining in the region. Rolwaling requires immediate conservation attention for the continued survival of the endangered snow leopard and other high altitude flora and fauna. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1181 | ||
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| Author | Ale, S.B., Boesi, R. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Sightings on the Top of the World | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 43 | Pages | 19-20 | |
| Keywords |
Mt.Everest, Sagarmatha National Park, sightings, snow leopard, Uncia uncia | ||||
| Abstract | Sightings of snow leopards Uncia uncia in the wild are rare. This is because snow leopards occur in low numbers and are very elusive (Schaller 1977). Snow leopards may be sparsely distributed,but they may not, however, be very elusive in the world's highest park, Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (86° 30' 53“ E to 86° 99' 08” E and 27° 46' 19“ N to 27° 06' 45” N) in Nepal. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1111 | ||
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| Author | Wahlberg, C.; Tarkkanen, A. | ||||
| Title | On the multiple ocular coloboma with retinal dysplasia (MOC) in snow leopards, Pantera uncia | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 183-194 | |
| Keywords |
multiple; Coloboma; retinal; Retinal-Dysplasia; dysplasia; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; International; pedigree | ||||
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| Publisher | Helsinki Zoo | Place of Publication | Helsinki | Editor | Blomqvist, L. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1096 | Serial | 999 | ||
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| Author | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association | ||||
| Title | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology | ||||
| Abstract | In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1100 | Serial | 705 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards (Panthera- uncia) in Nepal – home range and movements | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | National Geographic Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 161-175 |
| Keywords |
Nepal; asia; home-range; movements; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; home; range; home range; panthera; panthera uncia; uncia; 840 | ||||
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| Notes | Addresses:JACKSON R, CALIF INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SNOW LEOPARD PROJECT,910 K ST,DAVIS,CA 95616 Publisher:NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC, WASHINGTON Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 128 | Serial | 441 | ||
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| Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Journal of Mammalogy | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 998-1004 |
| Keywords |
Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator | ||||
| Abstract | I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 JO | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 236 | Serial | 746 | ||
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| Author | Lama, T.T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords |
Nepal; conservation; Iunc; Wwf; management; Islt; field-study; field; study; Kanchenjunga; annapurna; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-area; habitat; workshops; monitoring; browse; 4170; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; status; Report | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URLAuthor Role: Program OfficerAuthor Affiliation: WWF Nepal ProgramTitle, Analytic: Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report.ProCite field [12]: (2000-20001) | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 405 | Serial | 608 | ||
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