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Author |
Shnitnikov V.N. |
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Title |
Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals |
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Miscellaneous |
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1934 |
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Part. 1. South Kazakhstan. |
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86-88 |
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Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian |
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It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 792 |
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885 |
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Author |
Formozov A.N. |
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Title |
Fauna of mountainous areas in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1987 |
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115-126 |
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Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; snow leopard.; 6720; Russian |
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The author provides description of fauna of Kazakhstan's mountainous areas. Fauna of the mountain taiga is also typical for the forests of South Siberia. Ungulate species such as musk deer and ibex are common for rocky taiga areas. In the Altai, ibex, musk deer, and wild sheep are preyed on by dhole and snow leopard and more typical species such as glutton and wolf. Ibex, argali, and irbis are typical for Transili Ala-Tau and West Tien Shan. Tien Shan is the only area of the USSR with quite many irbis preserved. The ridges of this mountainous area located in Kazakhstan are very likely to be an area the most densely populated by snow leopards within the predator's habitat. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 650 |
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284 |
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Author |
Ismagilov M.I. |
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Title |
Protection of rare mammals in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1983 |
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230-232 |
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Kazakhstan; nature reserves; mammals; rare species; ungulates; carnivores; rodents; insectivores; bats; snow leopard.; 6990; Russian |
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The following rare mammals can be found in nature reserves of Kazakhstan: argali, goitered gazelle, kulan, snow leopard, stone marten, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, Menzbier's marmot, and porcupine. The rest of rare mammal species (three insectivorous species, seven rodent, eight predator, and two ungulate species) are outside of protected areas and require special protection measures. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Population variability of species, and mammal gene bank conservation problems. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 677 |
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424 |
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Author |
Loginov O. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1995 |
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39-41 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian |
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Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported
from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. |
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SLN @ rana @ 737 |
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623 |
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Author |
Fedosenko A.K. |
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Title |
Relationship between the predators and wild ungulates in North Tien Shan and Jungar Alatau |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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72-74 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; predators-preys relationship; snow leopard; preys.; 6670; Russian |
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Ibex is a main prey for snow leopards. The role of marmots and snow cocks in snow leopard's consumption is negligent. It can prey on morals in the fir-wood. A case of snow leopard's attacking a dog is also known. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 645 |
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270 |
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Author |
Zhiryakov V.A. |
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Title |
The influence of the predators on population trend of the ungulates in the Almaty nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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199-201 |
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Kazakhstan; predators; ungulates; dencity; population trend; snow leopard.; 8770; Russian |
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The data on predators and ungulates population dynamics in Almaty Nature reserve (Kazakhstan) in 1983-1987s are given. The number of snow leopard is stable (3-5 individuals), the density is 0.06 indi/1000 ha. An insignificant increase of Siberian ibex' number (660 to 700) with density of 36 indi/1000 ha is recorded. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: All-Union Conference on cadastre and censusing of the animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 854 |
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1084 |
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Author |
Satimbekov R. |
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Title |
Nature reserves of Kazakhstan and protection of rare predatory animal species |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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64-65 |
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Kazakhstan; protected areas; snow leopard.; 8090; Russian |
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There are 20 snow leopards in the Aksu-Djabagly nature reserve, and three four families in the Alma-Ata nature reserve. Single snow leopards are known to be met in the Markakol nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 787 |
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847 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Title |
A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1982 |
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99-101 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; rare species; Red Data book; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes; snow leopard; researching; conservation; hunting prohibition; habitat restoration; genome conservation.; 7350; Russian |
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The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and the conservation challenges. |
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SLN @ rana @ 713 |
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580 |
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Bekenov A.B. |
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About the IUCN categories and criteria for animals inclusion in Red Data Books and lists (project INTAS 99-1483) |
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2002 |
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67-71 |
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Kazakhstan; Red Data book; categories of threat; assessment; snow leopard.; 6220; Russian |
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Uncia uncia in Kazakhstan is defined as EN C 2a(i); D1. The International Red List (2000) attributes this species to EN C 2a, which is an example of concurrence in the assessments at regional and global levels. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological studies in Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 600 |
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127 |
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Author |
Grachev Yu.A. |
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Title |
Snow leopard |
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1996 |
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Vol.1.Animals. Part 1.Vertebrates. |
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246-247 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; Red Data book; category of threat; distribution; number; conservation measure; captive breeding; snow leopard.; 6810; Russian |
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Status: rare (Category III). Distribution: Tien Shan mountains, Tarbagatai, Saur and Altai mountains. Total number in Kazakhstan does not exceed 200 individuals. The main threats are poaching and reduction number of preys. In Almaty Zoo captive breeding was successful in 1976 and 1985. Snow leopard is protected in Aksu Jabagly, Almaty and Markakol nature reserves. To ensure the survival of the species it is necessary to establish a reserve in Dzhungar mountains and to improve protection in existing nature reserves. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The Red data book of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 659 |
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343 |
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Author |
Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A. |
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Title |
Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection |
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1978 |
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33-34 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; Red Data book; conservation measures; extinction risk; endangered species; snow leopard; protected areas.; 8330; Russian |
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In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection of flora and fauna in Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 811 |
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940 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan |
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1982 |
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56-58 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; Red Data book; protected areas; snow leopard.; 7390; Russian |
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Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of All-Union Symposium “Mountainous geosystems of intracontinental deserts and semi-deserts”. |
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SLN @ rana @ 717 |
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585 |
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Author |
Shnitnikov V.N. |
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Title |
Rocks and taluses. Snow leopard, Irbis Felis irbis Shreb |
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1936 |
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44-49 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Kazakhstan; Semerechie; fauna; snow leopard.; 8150; Russian |
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In Semerechie, snow leopard is not a rare species. In 1931, 53 snow leopards were hunted in southern Semerechie. In the past, at the markets of Central Tien Shan one could buy skins or live snow leopards, which were in demand abroad. Probably, number of snow leopards in Semerechie has increased. Now, it can be found not only in remote areas but in the vicinity of settlements (snow leopards, for instance, were observed some 20 30 km from Almaty, and 60 km from Frunze). Snow leopard preys mainly on ibex (¥…dr… sibiri¤…), snow-cock (O†traogallus himalauenses), and numerous argali – in some areas. The animal will never attack a man, even if wounded. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Semerechie. |
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SLN @ rana @ 793 |
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886 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Title |
Snow leopard. Uncia uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1985 |
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85-86 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian |
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In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 718 |
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584 |
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Author |
Grachev Yu.A. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1978 |
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Part 1. Vertebrate animals. |
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64-67 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; historical range; conservation.; 6790; Russian |
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Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 657 |
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341 |
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Author |
Bekenov A.B. |
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Title |
Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776 |
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1989 |
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Part1. Vertebrate animals. |
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149 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; life history; diet.; 6210; Russian |
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There is one subspecies U.u.uncia in Kazakhstan. It is distributed in the Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur, South Altai, and preys mainly on ibex, roe deer, argali, and marmots. Its litter consists of one to five cubs (normally two three). Female bears once in two years. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Book of gene pool of the Kazakh SSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 599 |
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126 |
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Author |
Riddell, Mand L.G. |
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Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 |
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2004 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730 |
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This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:
ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity
ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers
ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching
ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently
ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions
ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders
ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region
ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region
Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan
Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains
Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations
More government fund for the Institute of Zoology
Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard
survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.
This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and
distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.
The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol). |
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SLN @ rana @ 283 |
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816 |
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Author |
Burgelo T.B. |
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Title |
Brief information of snow leopard |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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54-55 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; records; analysis of food remains; captive breeding.; 6400; Russian |
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This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 618 |
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201 |
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Author |
Berezovikov N.N. |
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Title |
Rare and endangered birds and animals of South Altai |
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Miscellaneous |
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1982 |
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27-30 |
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Kazakhstan; South Altai; endangered species; snow leopard; poaching.; 6240; Russian |
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This article describes distribution of snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali (Ovis ammon), dhole (Cyon alpinus), and manul (Felis manul) in South Altai. Nine encounters with snow leopard and its traces were registered in 1966 1980, including two facts of catching and one of shooting the animal. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. |
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SLN @ rana @ 602 |
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131 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E.P. |
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Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects |
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1990 |
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Part. 1. |
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97-98 |
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Kazakhstan; Southern Siberia; Central Asia; Talass ridge; Chatkal ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Hissar ridge; species range; key sites; snow leopard; nature reserves.; 7260; Russian |
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The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures. |
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Full text available in Russian
Journal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection. |
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SLN @ rana @ 704 |
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560 |
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Author |
Sludsky A.A. |
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Title |
Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 |
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1982 |
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Vol. III, Part 2. |
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222-240 |
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Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian |
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Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). |
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SLN @ rana @ 797 |
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900 |
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Oruntaeva K.B. |
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The Zailiyskiy natural national park |
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1988 |
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Kazakhstan; Zaaliyskiy national park; establishment; fauna; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7810; Russian |
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The Zailiyskiy state natural national park is suggested to establish in the center of northern micro slope of Zailiyskiy Alatau. There are 42 mammal, 138 bird, tow amphibian, and eight reptile and fish species, and 145 daylight butterfly species in the Zailiyskiy Alatay. Of them, seven mammal species such as argali, Tien Shan bear, snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, stone marten, Central Asian otter, and Indian porcupine are included in the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan and USSR. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: New nature reserves of Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 759 |
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755 |
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Shafiq, M.M.; Abid, A. |
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Status of large mammal species in Khunjerab National Park |
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1998 |
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Pakistan Journal of Forestry |
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48 |
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1-4 |
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91-96 |
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Khunjerab-National-Park; large-mammals; endangered species; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; wolf; fox; ibex; sheep; bear; prey; predator; protected-area; Khunjerab; browse; national; park; large; mammals; endangered; species; uncia; protected; 560 |
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Study on the current status of large mammals species population was carried out in Khunjerab National Park, Northern Areas. The observation recorded showed that the population of Tibetan Red fox (Vulpes vulpes montana), Snow leopard (Uncia uncia), and Wolf (Canis lupus) have, though a bit, increased but are still in the rank of “Endangered”. While the population of Himalyan Ibex (Cpara ibex sibirica) is increasing more rapidly and their status is now “Common” in the Park. The limited population of Marcopolo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), Tibetan wild Ass (Equus hemionus kiang) and Brown bear (Urus arctos) is still under threat, and comes them under “Critical Endangered” category. |
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Document Type: English
Call Number: 634.909547 PA |
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879 |
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Dexel, B. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation In Kyrgyzstan: Enforcement, Education and Research Activities By the German Society for Nature Conservation (NABU) |
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2002 |
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kyrgystan; fur; traders; enforcement; conservation; Nabu; snow; leopard; strategy; illegal; trade; bones; law; education; environmental; 4920 |
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Islt |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival Summit
Place of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
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SLN @ rana @ 478 |
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239 |
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Author |
Nikolaevskiy A.G. |
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The Kyrgyz state nature park “Ala-Archa”. People's park of the Uzbek SSR |
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1985 |
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89-92 |
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Kyrgyzsatn; Ala-Archa national park; location; climate; soils; relief; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7750 |
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It provides general information about the Kyrgyz state nature park ®Ala-Archa", its physico-geographical features, relief, landscape zoning, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopard, Tien-Shan brown bear, ibex (more than 300 animals), porcupine, stone marten, ermine, and marmot, etc. are mentioned as the most interesting animals. |
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1950Journal Title: National parks. |
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SLN @ rana @ 753 |
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720 |
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