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Author Lyngdoh, S.,Shrotriya, S.,Goyal, S. P.,Clements, H.,Hayward, M. W.,Habib, B.
Title Prey Preferences of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia): Regional Diet Specificity Holds Global Significance for Conservation Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Plos One Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 1-11
Keywords (down) snow leopard, prey species, prey consumption
Abstract The endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km2 globally. Throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. We reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. We calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1696 analysed scats from throughout the snow leopard’s range. Prey biomass consumed was calculated based on the Ackerman’s linear correction factor. We identified four distinct physiographic and snow leopard prey type zones, using cluster analysis that had unique prey assemblages and had key prey characteristics which supported snow leopard occurrence there. Levin’s index showed the snow leopard had a specialized dietary niche breadth. The main prey of the snow leopard were Siberian ibex (Capra sibrica), blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), argali (Ovis ammon) and marmots (Marmota spp). The significantly preferred prey species of snow leopard weighed 5565 kg, while the preferred prey weight range of snow leopard was 36–76 kg with a significant preference for Siberian ibex and blue sheep. Our meta-analysis identified critical dietary resources for snow leopards throughout their distribution and illustrates the importance of understanding regional variation in species ecology; particularly prey species

that have global implications for conservation.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1406
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Author Friends of the Earth
Title Like the coat? The last owner was killed in it. Type Miscellaneous
Year 1981 Publication Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, pelt, trade
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Notes Advertisement Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1217
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Author Gronberg, E.
Title Movement patterns of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) around kills based on GPS location clusters Type Report
Year 2011 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Panthera, Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, predator, prey, kill, behavior
Abstract Research concerning movement patterns of wild animals has been advancing since GPS technology arrived. But studying the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is still difficult because of the harsh territory it inhabits in Central Asia. This study took place in south Gobi, Mongolia, and aimed to estimate the time spent at kills and the maximum distance away from kills between visits. Snow leopards were monitored with GPS collars that took a location every five or seven hours. Potential kill sites were established by identifying clusters of GPS-locations in ArcGIS and visited in the field for confirmation. ArcGIS was used to calculate the distance between cluster and GPS-locations. I used two buffer zones (100 m and 500 m radius) to define the time snow leopards spent at kills. It was found that snow leopard age and prey category affected time spent at kills and also that snow leopard sex together with prey category affected the maximum distance moved away from kills between visits. Season had no significant effect on either time at kills or distance moved away from kills between visits. Snow leopards spent on average 3.2 days at their kills in the 100 m buffer zone and 3.5 days at their kills in the 500 m buffer zone. Subadults stayed longer at kills than adults and animals of both age categories spent longer time on larger prey. The mean maximum distance moved away from kills between visits was 179 m in the 100 m buffer zone and 252 m in the 500 m buffer zone. Female snow leopards moved further away from kills between visits than male snow leopards. Both the number of days spent on kills and maximum distance moved away from kills between visits increased when kills consisted of more than one animal. This study has provided some basic information on snow leopard behaviors around their kills but also highlights the need to monitor more snow leopards before more solid conclusions can be drawn as this study was based on based on a relatively small sample.
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Corporate Author Thesis Master's thesis
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Notes Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1301
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Author Korablev, M. P., Poyarkov, A. D., Karnaukhov, A. S., Zvychaynaya, E. Y., Kuksin, A. N., Malykh, S. V., Istomov, S. V., Spitsyn, S. V., Aleksandrov, D. Y., Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., Munkhtsog, B., Munkhtogtokh, O., Putintsev, N. I., Vereshchagin, A. S., Becmurody, A., Afzunov, S., Rozhnov, V. V.
Title Large-scale and fine-grain population structure and genetic diversity of snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) from the northern and western parts of the range with an emphasis on the Russian population. Type Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication Conservation Genetics Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) Snow leopard, Panthera uncia, Microsatellites, Heterozygosity, Population structure, Noninvasive survey, Scat, Subspecies
Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776) population in Russia and Mongolia is situated at the northern edge of the range, where instability of ecological conditions and of prey availability may serve as prerequisites for demographic instability and, consequently, for reducing the genetic diversity. Moreover, this northern area of the species distribution is connected with the western and central parts by only a few small fragments of potential habitats in the Tian-Shan spurs in China and Kazakhstan. Given this structure of the range, the restriction of gene flow between the northern and other regions of snow leopard distribution can be expected. Under these conditions, data on population genetics would be extremely important for assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow both at regional and large-scale level. To investigate large-scale and fine-grain population structure and levels of genetic diversity we analyzed 108 snow leopards identified from noninvasively collected scat samples from Russia and Mongolia (the northern part of the range) as well as from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (the western part of the range) using panel of eight polymorphic microsatellites. We found low to moderate levels of genetic diversity in the studied populations. Among local habitats, the highest heterozygosity and allelic richness were recorded in Kyrgyzstan (He = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ho = 0.70 ± 0.04, Ar = 3.17) whereas the lowest diversity was found in a periphery subpopulation in Buryatia Republic of Russia (He = 0.41 ± 0.12, Ho = 0.29 ± 0.05, Ar = 2.33). In general, snow leopards from the western range exhibit greater genetic diversity (He = 0.68 ± 0.04, Ho = 0.66 ± 0.03, Ar = 4.95) compared to those from the northern range (He = 0.60 ± 0.06, Ho = 0.49 ± 0.02, Ar = 4.45). In addition, we have identified signs of fragmentation in the northern habitat, which have led to significant genetic divergence between subpopulations in Russia. Multiple analyses of genetic structure support considerable genetic differentiation between the northern and western range parts, which may testify to subspecies subdivision of snow leopards from these regions. The observed patterns of genetic structure are evidence for delineation of several management units within the studied populations, requiring individual approaches for conservation initiatives, particularly related to translocation events. The causes for the revealed patterns of genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity are discussed.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1633
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Author Simon, N., Geroudet, P.
Title Last Survivores: The Natural History of Animals in Danger of Extinction Type Book Chapter
Year 1970 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 127-131
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Panthera uncia
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Publisher The World Publishing Company Place of Publication New York Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1186
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Author Khan, J.
Title Availability of snow leopard pelt in Pakistan Type Report
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Pakistan, pelt, wildlife trade
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1246
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Author Schaller, G.B.
Title Mountain mammals in Pakistan Type Journal Article
Year 1976 Publication Tigerpaper Abbreviated Journal
Volume III Issue 4 Pages 1-11
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Pakistan
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1201
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Author Turnbull-Kemp, P.
Title The Leopard Type Book Chapter
Year 1967 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 68-69
Keywords (down) snow leopard, ounce
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1254
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Author Poulton, S.M.C.
Title A report on the feasibility of an ecological study of the snow leopard in northern India Type Report
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue November Pages 1-13
Keywords (down) snow leopard, northern India
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1189
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Author Rode, J., Pelletier, A., Fumey, J., Rode, S., Cabanat, A. L., Ouvrard, A., Chaix, B., White, B., Harnden, M., Xuan, N. T., Vereshagin, A., Casane, D.
Title Diachronic monitoring of snow leopards at Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan) through scat genotyping: a pilot study Type Journal Article
Year 2020 Publication bioRxiv Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-21
Keywords (down) snow leopard, noninvasive genotyping, population dynamics, microsatellite, relatedness, diachronic monitoring, citizen science, Central Asia
Abstract Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are a keystone species of Central Asia’s high mountain ecosystem. The species is listed as vulnerable and is elusive, preventing accurate population assessments that could inform conservation actions. Non-invasive genetic monitoring conducted by citizen scientists offers avenues to provide key data on this species that would otherwise be inaccessible. From 2011 to 2015, OSI-Panthera citizen science expeditions tracked signs of presence of snow leopards along transects in the main valleys and crests of the Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve (Kyrgyzstan). Scat samples were genotyped at seven autosomal microsatellite loci and at a X/Y locus for sex identification, which allowed estimating a minimum of 11 individuals present in the reserve from 2011 to 2015. The genetic recapture of 7 of these individuals enabled diachronic monitoring, providing indications of individuals’ movements throughout the reserve. We found putative family relationships between several individuals. Our results demonstrate the potential of this citizen science program to get a precise description of a snow leopard population through time.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1602
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Author Jackson, R.
Title A radio-telemetry study of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Nepal with emphasis on conservation and predator-prey relations Type Report
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue March Pages
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Nepal, conservation, radio telemetry, prey
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Notes Draft Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1260
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Author Hall, P.M., Cox, J.H.
Title Additional range inhabted by bharal (Pseudois nayaur) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Nepal Type Report
Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-5
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Nepal, bharal
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1221
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Author Jackson, R.
Title Observations on the status and distribution of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal Type Report
Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-12
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Nepal
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1229
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Author Mallon, D.
Title An early record of snow leopard in Myanmar Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 39 Issue Autumn Pages 24
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Myanmar
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1253
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Author McCarthy, T.; Murray, K.; Sharma, K.; Johansson, O.
Title Preliminary results of a long-term study of snow leopards in South Gobi, Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Autumn Issue 53 Pages 15-19
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Mongolia, monitor, population, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, South Gobi, ecology, radio collar, GPS-satellite collar, home range, camera trapping, fecal genetics, occupancy modeling
Abstract Snow leopards Panthera uncia are under threat across their range and require urgent conservation actions based on sound science. However, their remote habitat and cryptic nature make them inherently difficult to study and past attempts have provided insufficient information upon which to base effective conservation. Further, there has been no statistically-reliable and cost-effective method available to monitor snow leopard populations, focus conservation effort on key populations, or assess conservation impacts. To address these multiple information needs, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, and Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, launched an ambitious long-term study in Mongolia’s South Gobi province in 2008. To date, 10 snow leo-pards have been fitted with GPS-satellite collars to provide information on basic snow leopard ecology. Using 2,443 locations we calculated MCP home ranges of 150 – 938 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals. Exploratory movements outside typical snow leopard habitat have been observed. Trials of camera trapping, fecal genetics, and occupancy modeling, have been completed. Each method ex-hibits promise, and limitations, as potential monitoring tools for this elusive species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1151
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Author WWF Russia & Mongolia
Title WWF Newsletter Altai-Sayan Ecoregion July – September 2011 Type Report
Year 2011 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 17 Pages 1-22
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Mongolia, hunting, argali, Land of the Snow Leopard, Altai-Sayan, Russia, poaching, reserve,
Abstract
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1363
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Author WWF Russia & Mongolia
Title WWF Newsletter Altai-Sayan Ecoregion January – March 2011 Type Report
Year 2011 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 15 Pages 13
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Mongolia, hunting
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Corporate Author WWF Russia & Mongolia Thesis
Publisher WWF Russia & Mongolia Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1309
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Author Chalise, M.K.
Title Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Prey Species and Outreach in Langtang National, Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Our Nature Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 9 Pages 138-145
Keywords (down) Snow leopard, Langtang, prey species, threats, outreach.
Abstract Presence of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Langtang National Park was obscure till 2003. It was confirmed by a

research team trained for the wildlife biology in the field. Along with the study of ecology and behavior of snow leopard sufficient effort were made to generate data on pre species. The study also dealt with threat perceived for the leopard survival while basic unit of conservation- local outreach programs were also initiated.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1388
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Author Green, M.
Title A check-list and some notes concerning the mammlas of the Langtang National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society Abbreviated Journal
Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 77-87
Keywords (down) snow leopard, Langtang National Park, Nepal
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1227
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Author Kalashnikova, Y. A., Karnaukhov, A. S., Dubinin, M. Y., Poyarkov, A. D., Rozhnov, V. V.
Title POTENTIAL HABITAT OF SNOW LEOPARD (PANTHERA UNCIA, FELINAE) IN SOUTH SIBERIA AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES BASED ON THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY DISTRIBUTION MODEL Type Journal Article
Year 2019 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 98 Issue 3 Pages 332-342
Keywords (down) Snow leopard, irbis, Panthera uncia, Maxent, habitat model, potential habitat
Abstract The snow leopard is an endangered large felid inhabiting highlands of 12 Asian countries. It is distributed

across vast territories and adequate modern methods are required for mapping its potential habitats. The goal

of the present study is to create a model of snow leopard potential habitat within the northern part of its range

in Russia (and adjacent territories of Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan). More than 5 years of observations

(total number of presence points = 449), environmental variables and the maximum entropy distribution

method (Maxent) are used. The resulting map demonstrates that a suitable habitat (probability of the animal�s

presence between 0.5 and 1) of the northern population of snow leopard in Russia occupies 16500 km2

with a buffer of transient territories (probability between 0.25 and 0.49) covering 32800 km2. Most of a suitable

habitat within the study area is associated with the Altai Mountains, Western Sayan Mountains, Sangilen

Plateau, Tsagan-Shibetu and Shapshal. One third of the suitable habitat lies within areas of a varying protection

status. The results of modeling are of importance both for scientists and conservation managers, as they

allow for leopard occurrence to be predicted, supporting research on and the conservation of the species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1480
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Author Kashkarov, E.
Title THE SNOW LEOPARD OF KIRGIZIA: NATIONAL SHAME OR NATIONAL PRIDE Type Journal Article
Year 2017 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 239-253
Keywords (down) snow leopard, irbis, ibex, mountain sheep, conservation, range, reserve, monitoring, cameratrap, Sarychat, Kirgizia, Central Asia.
Abstract Article examines the problems existing in conservation of the snow leopard in Kirgizia after break-up of the

USSR. Unfortunate situation is common to most of the 14 countries in the snow leopard range, but seems

especially sharp to Kirgizia. Yet half of the century ago Kirgizia has had about 1.5 thousand of the snow

leopards, and today there remains no more than 1/10. In Soviet time Kirgizia was a global supplier of the

snow leopards for the zoo-export � to create a reserve number of endangered cats in captivity. Today, at

least half of the snow leopards in the Zoos of the world are individuals, caught in Kirgizia or their

descendants.

Since independence, Kirgizia has set new records. In Sarychat-Irtash reserve � the best for the snow

leopard in Central Asia, and probably in the whole range � this species was completely destroyed after 3

years of reserve opening... and 17 years later � revived... Situation comes presently back to the worst-case

scenario, and not only for the snow leopard. Author shows how work in this direction social and economic

levers, and what kind future he would like to see in Kirgizia, where he lived for 12 years and was at the

forefront of pioneering research of the snow leopard and its conservation.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1454
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Author Mazoomdaar, J.
Title Cat Among the People Type Magazine Article
Year 2011 Publication Open Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 8 August Pages 40-45
Keywords (down) snow leopard, India, Bhatnagar, Chundawat, Nature Conservation Foundation, Hemis, Kibber, Himmel
Abstract
Address www.openthemagazine.com
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Notes http://openthemagazine.com/article/nation/cat-among-the-people Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1358
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Author Chundawat, R.S.
Title Elusive leopard of the mountains Type Book Chapter
Year 1997 Publication In Danger: habitats, species and people Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 11-17
Keywords (down) snow leopard, India
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Ranthambhore Foundation Place of Publication New Delhi, India Editor Manfredi, R.
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1198
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Author Maheshwari, A., Niraj, S. K
Title Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003e2014 Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Elsevier Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1 -6
Keywords (down) Snow leopard, Illegal trade, Central and southern Asia, Conservation
Abstract Illegal trade in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been identified as one of the major

threats to long-term survival of the species in the wild. To quantify severity of the threats

to dwindling snow leopard population, we examined market and questionnaire surveys,

and information from the published and unpublished literature on illegal trade and

poaching of snow leopards.We collected information from 11 of the 12 snow leopard range

counties in central and southern Asia, barring Kazakhstan, and reported 439 snow leopards

(88 records) in illegal trade during 2003e2014, which represents a loss of approximately

8.4%e10.9% snow leopard population (assuming mid-point population of 5240 to

minimum population of 4000 individuals) in a period of 12 years. Our data suggested a 61%

decadal increase in snow leopard trade during 2003e2012 compared with 1993e2002,

while taking the note of significant strengthening of wildlife enforcement and crime

control network in the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We found 50% prosecution rate of

snow leopard crimes resulting in only 20% conviction rate globally. Many limitations e.g.,

secretive nature of illegal trade, ill developed enforcement mechanism, poor and passive

documentation of snow leopards' seizures, restricted us to reflect actual trend of snow

leopards' illegal trade. Even on a conservative scale the present situation is alarming and

may detrimental to snow leopard conservation. We propose an effective networking of

enforcement efforts and coordination among the law enforcement agencies, efficient

collection of data and data management, and sharing of intelligence in snow leopard range

countries, could be useful in curbing illegal trade in snow leopards in central and southern

Asia.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1466
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Author Li, J., McCarthy, T. M., Wang, H., Weckworth, B. V., Shaller, G. B., Mishra, C., Lu, Z., Beissinger, S. R
Title Climate refugia of snow leopards in High Asia Type Journal Article
Year 2016 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 203 Pages 188-196
Keywords (down) Snow leopard, Habitat, Climate change, Refugia, High Asia, Conservation
Abstract Rapidwarming in High Asia is threatening its unique ecosystemand endemic species, especially the endangered

snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Snow leopards inhabit the alpine zone between snow line and tree line, which

contracts and expands greatly during glacier-interglacial cycles. Here we assess impacts of climate change on

global snow leopard habitat from the last glacial maximum (LGM; 21 kyr ago) to the late 21st century. Based

on occurrence records of snow leopards collected across all snow leopard range countries from 1983 to 2015,

we built a snow leopard habitat model using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt 3.3.3k). Then we

projected this model into LGM, mid-Holocene and 2070. Analysis of snow leopard habitat map from LGM to

2070 indicates that three large patches of stable habitat have persisted from the LGM to present in the Altai,

Qilian, and Tian Shan-Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram mountain ranges, and are projected to persist through the

late 21st century. These climatically suitable areas account for about 35% of the snow leopard's current extent,

are large enough to support viable populations, and should function as refugia for snow leopards to survive

through both cold and warm periods. Existence of these refugia is largely due to the unique mountain environment

in High Asia, which maintains a relatively constant arid or semi-arid climate. However, habitat loss leading

to fragmentation in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains, as well as increasing human activities, will present

conservation challenges for snow leopards and other sympatric species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1449
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