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	Author	Wu, D., Maming, R., Xu, G., Zhu X., Buzzard, P.
	Title	Relationship between ibex and snow leopard about food chain and population density in Tian Shan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Selevinia	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	186-190
	Keywords	diet, ibex, snow leopard
	Abstract	Many studies have demonstrated that ibex (Capra sibirica) are the most frequently eaten prey of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Xinjiang, the west of China. Thus, an understanding of interactions between these species may have significant management and conservation of implications for both. In this study, we provide information on ibex grouping and density over a 24 month period in the Tian Shan of Xinjiang, China. We then use ibex density to estimate the density of snow leopards. We observed ibex primarily in ewe-lamb groups (N=880), but ibex sexual segregation and grouping changed seasonally with more mixed-sex groups during the winter rut. We observed the most ibex in April 2014 and 2015 with an average of (2422 ± 119 ibex). Over the 1643 km2 study area we then estimated an ibex density of 154 ± 23 ibex /100 km2 from which we estimated a density of 1.31~2.58 snow leopards/100 km2.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1439
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	Author	Murata, K.; Yanai, T.; Agatsuma, T.; Uni, S.
	Title	Dirofilaria immitis infection of a snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in a Japanese zoo with mitochondrial DNA analysis			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication	The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	65	Issue		Pages	945-947
	Keywords	Dirofilaria immitis,Japan,snow leopard
	Abstract	Three dog heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) were detected in the lumen of the right cardiac ventriculus and of the pulmonary artery of a captive female snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that died of pancreatic carcinoma at a zoo in Japan. Neither clinical respiratory nor circulatory symptoms caused by the heartworm infection were observed. The filarial worms were identified as D. immitis from the morphologic characteristics of the esophagus, the presence of faint longitudinal ridges on the cuticular surface, the situation of vulva posterior to the esophagus, and the measurements of the body. The heartworms from the snow leopard were identical to that of D. immitis from dogs in the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I region in the mitochondrial DNA. This host record is the first of D. immitis in U. uncia.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 892			Serial	707
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	Author	Helman, R.G.; Russell, W.C.; Jenny, A.; Miller, J.; Payeur, J.
	Title	Diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	89-92
	Keywords	Disease; Mycobacterium; skin; snow leopard; zoo
	Abstract	The incidence of tuberculosis in zoological animal collections is low, and the disease is monitored through skin testing primarily in primates and artiodactylids.15,16 Other exotic animals are clearly at risk; tuberculosis has been described in elephants (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis), rhinoceros (M. bovis), felids (M. bovis), foxes (M. bovis), birds (M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis), and reptiles, amphibians, and fish (cryophilic Mycobacterium species). 1,2,4,6,8-10,13,14,17 Mycobacterial infections in mammals and birds serve as a potential source of disease that can spread to other animals and to humans.7,15,16 In humans, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis are the most important mycobacteria in the USA.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 888			Serial	381
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.
	Title	Distribution and status of the snow leopard			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1978	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	6-21
	Keywords	distribution; International; pedigree; snow leopard; status
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Helsinki Zoo, Finland	Place of Publication	Helsinki	Editor	Blomqvist, L.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 952			Serial	140
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	Author	Yanfa, L.
	Title	A preliminary investigation into the geographic distribution of the snow leopard Panthera uncia Schreber			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Acta Theriologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	3	Pages	184-188
	Keywords	distribution; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	China	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	In both Chinese and English.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 974			Serial	1044
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	Author	Hol, E.H.; Marden, T.B.; Roelke, M.E.
	Title	The importance of ecotoxicological research in management of the snow leopard: lessons learned from the Florida panther			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	113-125
	Keywords	ecotoxicological; contaminants; pollution; habitat; health; browse; 3310; research; management; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox and D.Jizeng
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 226			Serial	387
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	Author	Sivolobov, R.
	Title	ENDANGERED SPECIES OF KORYAKIA AND CHUKOTKA: IRBIS, TIGER AND THE IRKUYEM-BEAR			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	225-233
	Keywords	endangered species, Beringian snow cat, Snow leopard, Irbis, Amur tiger, Irkuyem-bear, camera-trap, Koryakia, Chukotka
	Abstract	After 30 years of searching for the mysterious Beringian snow cat in vast space of Koryakia and Chukotka one of the five cameras recorded finally this beast at night in September 2014. This is not so much a sensation as a real scientific discovery, saying that the hearts of the snow leopard population resettlement are not in 5000 km from the main range boundaries, but much closer. Where? � will show further studies. In addition to the snow leopard in the North-Eastern Asia, it found two more endangered large mammal species: the Amur tiger and the relict of the Ice Age � the Irkuyem-bear. Author has given these animals his life and his article devoted to this topic.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1456
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	Author	Klubnikin, K.; Annett, C.; Cherkasova, M.; Shishin, M.; Fotieva, I.
	Title	The sacred and the scientific: Traditional ecological knowledge in Siberian River conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Ecological-Applications.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	5	Pages	1296-1306
	Keywords	endangered-species; Human; Hominidae; Altaians; plant; Plantae; snow-leopard; Felidae; endemism; hydroelectric-dam; land-management; perestroika; species-diversity; traditional-ecological-knowledge; water-resource-management; snow leopard; browse; hydroelectric; dam; endangered; species; land; management; diversity; species diversity; traditional; ecological.; knowledge; water; resource; 30
	Abstract	The Katun River originates in the steppe of the Altai Mountains in Siberia. One of the major headwaters of the Ob River, the Katun is considered central to the culture of the indigenous Altaians. The Katun Valley contains large numbers of important cultural sites, dating from the Neolithic and representing some of the earliest human settlement in Russia. Modern-day Altaians still observe traditional ceremonies honoring the river and springs throughout the watershed and utilize traditional ecological knowledge in their management of the land and water resources. Russian and international scientists have identified the Altai Mountains as a region of high plant diversity and endemism, and as important habitat for endangered species such as the snow leopard. The Katun River itself contains species of threatened and endangered fishes, and its headwaters are part of the unusual Mongolian ichthyofaunal province that is characterized by high levels of endemism. The same regions are considered by the Altaian people to be special or sacred and are recognized by Western scientists as having great value for conservation. During the era of perestroika, a hydroelectric dam was to be built on the Katun. The large dam, a vestige of the earlier Soviet plan for the Project of the Century, would have devastated significant agricultural, ecological, recreational, and cultural resources. The indigenous Altaian people would have lost much of their sacred and cultural landscape. The Katun dam project united indigenous people, well-known Siberian writers, and scientists in protest, which became so heated that it engaged the international community, with lasting effects on Russian society. The magnitude of the protest illustrates the importance of the Altai Mountain region to all of Russia. The active participation of indigenous Altaians reflected their traditional willingness to take action against political decisions that negatively impacted the environmental, cultural, and religious values of their homeland. Their involvement also reflected the new wave of awareness under perestroika that underscored a greater respect and autonomy for indigenous peoples in Russia.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QH540 .E273			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 390			Serial	537
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	Author	Emanoil, M.
	Title	Snow leopard: Uncia (panthers) uncia			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1994	Publication	Encyclopedia of Endangered Species	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	205-206
	Keywords	endangered; endangered species; snow leopard; uncia
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IUCN, Gale Research Inc.	Place of Publication		Editor	Emanoil, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 963			Serial	253
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	Author	Ahmad, A.; Rawat, J.S.; Rai, S.C.
	Title	An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Environmentalist	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	281-298
	Keywords	environmental-assessment; human-impact; sustainable-development; management-guideline; ecological-degradation; mountain-ecosystem; impact-assessment; developing-country; asia; Himalayas; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; environmental; assessment; Human; impact; sustainable; development; management; guidline; ecological; degradations; mountain; ecosystem; 830
	Abstract	The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 145			Serial	38
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	Author	Tallian, A., Mattisson, J., Samelius, G., Odden, J., Mishra, C., Linnell, J. D. C., Lkhagvajav, P., Johansson, O.
	Title	Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Global Ecology and Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue	e026750	Pages	1-13
	Keywords	Eurasian lynx, Handling time, Landscape, Livestock, Predation, Snow leopard
	Abstract	Livestock depredation is an important source of conflict for many terrestrial large carnivore species. Understanding the foraging behavior of large carnivores on domestic prey is therefore important for both mitigating conflict and conserving threatened carnivore populations. Handling time is an important, albeit often overlooked, component of predatory behavior, as it directly influences access to food biomass, which can affect predator foraging efficiency and subsequent kill rates. We used long-term data on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Mongolia (Asia) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway (Europe) to examine how large carnivore foraging patterns varied between domestic and wild prey, and how the different landscape characteristics affected those patterns. Our results suggest handling time was generally shorter for domestic compared to wild prey. For snow leopards, rugged terrain was linked to increased handling time for larger prey. For lynx, handling time increased with terrain ruggedness for domestic, but not wild, prey, and was greater in closed compared to open habitats. There were also other differences in snow leopard and lynx foraging behavior, e.g., snow leopards also stayed longer at, and remained closer to, their kill sites than lynx. Shorter handling time suggests that felids may have utilized domestic prey less effectively than wild prey, i.e., they spent less time consuming their prey. This could a) result in an energetic or fitness cost related to decreased felid foraging efficiency caused by the risk of anthropogenic disturbance, or b) exacerbate conflict if reduced handling time associated with easy prey results in increased livestock depredation.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1737
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	Author	Johnson, W.E.; Dratch, P.A.; Martenson, J.S.; O'Brien, S.J.
	Title	Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of Felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Mammalian Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	97-120
	Keywords	Evolution; Evolutionary-Lineages; Mitochondrial-Dna; Mitochondrial-Restriction-Fragment-Length-Polymorphism-Variation; phylogeny; Recent-Radiations; Restriction-Enzymes; Tigrina; snow-leopard; browse; evolutionary; lineages; mitochondrial; Dna; restriction; fragment; length; polymorphism; variation; radiation; enzymes; recent; recent radiation; 1340
	Abstract	Patterns of mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation were used to resolve more recent relationships among the species of the Felidae ocelot lineage, domestic cat lineage, and pantherine lineage. Twenty-five of 28 restriction enzymes revealed site variation in at least 1 of 21 cat species. The ocelot lineage was resolved into three separate sister taxa groups: Geoffroy's cat (Oncifelis geoffroyi) and kodkod (O. guigna), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and margay (L. wiedii), and pampas cat (Lynchailurus colocolo) and most of the tigrina samples (Leopardus tigrina). Within the domestic cat lineage, domestic cat (Felis catus), European wild cat (F. silvestris), and African wild cat (F. libyca) formed a monophyletic trichotomy, which was joined with sand cat (F. margarita) to a common ancestor. Jungle cat (F. chaus) and black-footed cat (F. nigripes) mtDNAs diverged earlier than those of the other domestic cat lineage species and are less closely related. Within the pantherine lineage, phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct groups, uniting lion (P. leo) with leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris) with snow leopard (P. uncia).
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QL708.5 J68			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 276			Serial	501
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.; Nystrom, V.
	Title	On identifying snow leopards, Panthera uncia, by their facial markings			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	159-167
	Keywords	facial markings; International; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; pedigree; snow leopard
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 959			Serial	149
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	Author	Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
	Title	Steroid Metabolism and the Effectiveness of Fecal Assays for Assessing Reproductive Status in Felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biology of Reproduction	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	50	Issue	suppl 1	Pages	185
	Keywords	fecal-analysis; breeding; reproduction; medicine; medical; zoo; zoos; veterinary; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; fecal; analysis; 1420
	Abstract
	Address
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	Notes	Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, July 24-27, 1994 Call Number: QP251 .B56			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 203			Serial	197
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	Author	Lukarevskiy V.S.
	Title	Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200
	Keywords	Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian
	Abstract	It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 738			Serial	627
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	Author	Kashkarov D.N.
	Title	The cat family (Felidae)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1935	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	676, 780
	Keywords	Felidae; taxonomy; origin; snow leopard; distribution; preys.; 7100; Russia
	Abstract	A taxonomic characteristic of family Felidae is given. A brief description of the origin and distribution of modern Felidae species is provided. Snow leopard (Felis uncia) is noticed to be met in the mountains of Central Asia. It says that though being a rare species, snow leopard, together with leopard and tiger, causes a considerable damage by exterminating large ungulates and sometimes attacking man.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: A course of zoology. Vertebrate animals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 688			Serial	521
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	Author	Bajimaya, S.
	Title	Snow leopard manual: field study techniques for the kingdom of Nepal			Type	Report
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-77
	Keywords	field study; Nepal; snow leopard; techniques
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	WWF Nepal Program	Place of Publication	Kathmandu, Nepal	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 950			Serial	109
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	Author	Henschel, P.; Ray, J.
	Title	Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300
	Abstract	Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Wildlife Conservation Society
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 515			Serial	382
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	Author	Poyarkov, A. D., Munkhtsog, B., Korablev, M. P., Kuksin, A. N., Alexandrov, D. Y., Chistopolova, M. D.,Hernandez-Blanco, J. A., Munkhtogtokh, O., Karnaukhov, A. S., Lkhamsuren, N., Bayaraa, M., Jackson, R. M., Maheshwari, A., Rozhnov, V. V.
	Title	Assurance of the existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) at Tsagaanshuvuut – Tsagan- Shibetu SPA at the Mongolia-Russia border			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Integrative Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	15	Pages	224-231
	Keywords	FST, home range, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, trans-boundary population
	Abstract	The existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) that inhabits the massifs of Tsagaanshuvuut (Mongolia) – Tsagan-Shibetu (Russia) was determined through non-invasive genetic analysis of scat samples and by studying the structure of territory use by a collared female individual. The genetic analysis included species identification of samples through sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome b gene and individual identification using a panel of 8 microsatellites. The home range of a female snow leopard marked with a satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) collar was represented by the minimum convex polygon method (MCP) 100, the MCP 95 method and the fixed kernel 95 method. The results revealed insignificant genetic differentiation between snow leopards that inhabit both massifs (minimal fixation index [FST]), and the data testify to the unity of the cross-border group. Moreover, 5 common individuals were identified from Mongolian and Russian territories. This finding clearly shows that their home range includes territories of both countries. In addition, regular movement of a collared snow leopard in Mongolia and Russia confirmed the existence of a cross-border snow leopard group. These data support that trans-boundary conservation is important for snow leopards in both countries. We conclude that it is crucial for Russia to study the northern range of snow leopards in Asia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1493
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	Author	Manati, A.R.
	Title	Fur trade of large cats and the question of the subspecies status of leopards in Afghanistan (Der Handel mit Fellen von Grosskatzen und die Abklärung der Unterartenfrage beim			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	125
	Keywords	fur trade, genetics, leopard, Panthera pardus, snow leopard, subspecies, Uncia uncia
	Abstract	Over a time of four years the bazars of Afghanistan were surveyed for furs of spotted wild cats, in particular leopards and snow leopards. In 2004 in Kabul a total of 28 furs of leopards were purchased by shopkeepers and 21 sold at an average price of 825 $. In the same year 25 furs of snow leopards were purchased and 19 sold to clients at an average price of 583 $. In 2006 at a single inspection double as many furs of leopards were found to be offered for sale in comparison to the whole year of 2004. Also prices had increased over the two years by 20 % to an average of 1037 $. Similarly the number of furs of snow leopards at 21 pieces was higher than in 2004, and the prices had increased to an average of 652 $. In 2007 investigations rendered more difficult, because the authorities had started to control the fur trade, and the results are not unequivocal. Clients were without any exception foreigners. Surveys in 2004 in Mazar-e-Sharif, Kunduz, Takhar and Faiz Abad, in 2006 additionally in Baharak and Iskashem in the province of Badakhshan, revealed a regular trade in furs of spotted cats, however not as extensive as in Kabul. The most interesting finding was a fur of a cheetah in Mazar-e-Sharif, the first record of this species after 35 years. From the surveys can be concluded that leopards still exist in the whole range of its distribution area in Afghanistan. However they don't allow any conclusion on the population size and its threat by hunting. In contrast to the leopard there exists a recent estimation of the population size of the snow leopard, saying that there are still 100 to 200 snow leopards living in Afghanistan. On the basis of these figures as well as the numbers of furs traded annually a Population and Habitat Viability Analysis was conducted. The result of this analysis is alarming. It has to be assumed that the snow leopard will be extinct in Afghanistan within the next ten years. To improve the protection of spotted cats in Afghanistan it needs both, a better implementation of the existing legislation as well as an awareness campaign among potential clients, i. e. foreigners living in Afghanistan. The second part of this thesis deals with the question of subspecies of leopards in Afghanistan. Out of the 27 subspecies described four are believed to exist in Afghanistan. However, according to a molecularbiological revision of the species there occurs only one subspecies in Afghanistan, Panthera pardus saxicolor. To clarify the subspecies question various measures of furs had been taken in the bazars. The results revealed that the leopards in Afghanistan are the biggest of its species. However a further differentiation according to the area of origin within the country was not possible. Also the traditional differentiation on the basis of colours and patterns on the furs was not possible. In contrast to the molecularbiological investigations published not only samples of zoo animals were available in this study but also samples from the wild. The own results confim that almost all leopards from Afghanistan and Iran belong to one and the same subspecies, P. p. saxicolor. Only in the most eastern part of Afghanistan, the Indian leopard, Panthera pardus fusca, can be found. The International Studbook for the Persian Leopard was analysed. The whole population derives from a few founder animals, which were imported in the midth fifties from Iran and in the late sixties from Afghanistan. To avoid inbreeding later on the Iranian and the Afghan lines were mixed. A female imported in 1968 from Kabul to Cologne is represented in each of the more than 100 today living animals.Mixing the two lines subsequently is justified by the genetic results of this study. Recently acquired animals from the Caucasus, however, should be tested genetically before integrating them into the zoo population.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	University of Köln	Place of Publication	Germany	Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1123
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	Author	Kinsel, M.J.; Kovarik, P.; Murnane, R.D.
	Title	Gastric spiral bacteria in small felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	214-220
	Keywords	Gastric-spinal-bacteria; snow-leopard; medical; zoo; snow leopard; browse; gastric; spinal; bacteria; 1270
	Abstract	Nine small cats, including one bobcat (Felis rufus), one Pallas cat (F. manul), one Canada lynx (F. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (F. viverrina), two margays (F. wiedii), and two sand cats (F. margarita), necropsied between June 1995 and March 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one African lion (Panthera leo), two snow leopards (P. uncia), one Siberian tiger (P. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (P. onca), necropsied during the same period had none. All of the spiral organisms from the nine small cats were histologically and ultrastructurally similar. Histologically, the spiral bacteria were 5-14 mum long with five to nine coils per organism and were located both extracellularly within gastric glands and surface mucus, and intracellularly in parietal cells. Spiral bacteria in gastric mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx, one fishing cat, and the two sand cats were gram negative and had corkscrew-like to tumbling motility when viewed with phase contrast microscopy. The bacteria were 0.5-0.7 mum wide, with a periodicity of 0.65-1.1 mum in all cats. Bipolar sheathed flagella were occasionally observed, and no periplasmic fibrils were seen. The bacteria were extracellular in parietal cell canaliculi and intracellular within parietal cells. Culture of mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx and sand cats was unsuccessful. Based on morphology, motility, and cellular tropism, the bacteria were probably Helicobacter-like organisms. Although the two margays had moderate lymphoplasmacytic gastritis, the other cats lacked or had only mild gastric lymphoid infiltrates, suggesting that these organisms are either commensals or opportunistic pathogens.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 354			Serial	534
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	Author	Alexander, J. S., Murali, R., Mijiddorj, T. N., Agvaantseren, B., Lhamo, C., Sharma, D., Suryawanshi, K. R., Zhi, L., Sharma, K., Young, J. C.
	Title	Applying a gender lens to biodiversity conservation in High Asia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Frontiers in Conservation Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	gender, snow leopards, pastoralism, rights, decision-making
	Abstract	Community-based conservation efforts represent an important approach to facilitate the coexistence of people and wildlife. A concern, however, is that these efforts build on existing community structures and social norms, which are commonly dominated by men. Some biodiversity conservation approaches may consequently neglect women’s voices and deepen existing inequalities and inequities. This paper presents two community case studies that draw upon the knowledge and experience gained in our snow leopard conservation practice in pastoral and agro-pastoral settings in Mongolia and India to better understand women’s roles and responsibilities. In these settings, roles and responsibilities in livestock management and agriculture are strongly differentiated along gender lines, and significant gaps remain in women’s decision-making power about natural resources at the community level. We argue that context-specific and gender-responsive approaches are needed to build community support for conservation actions and leverage women’s potential contributions to conservation outcomes.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1741
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	Author	Polking, V.F.
	Title	Schneelleopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Das Tier	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	8-15
	Keywords	german; McCarthy; Mongolia; snow leopard
	Abstract
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Document Type: German; color magazine			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 297			Serial	783
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.
	Title	The Global Studbook Report 2002 for Snow Leopards: Decline of a Pedigree Species			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	global; studbook; Report; snow leopard; captivity; zoo; 5720
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Helsinki	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Journal Title: Helsinki Zoo, Annual Report 2003			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 93			Serial	169
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	Author	Chalise, M.K.
	Title	Nepalka Samrakshit Banyajantu (Nepal's Protected Wildlife in Nepali language)			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	106-108
	Keywords	government; language; leopard; leopards; Nepal; protected; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; wildlife
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	Address
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	Publisher	Shajha Prakashan	Place of Publication	Lalitpur, Kathmandu	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	In Nepalese language only. Includes only the chapter on snow leopards and the book cover. The book is published by a government corporate house of publication.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1058			Serial	211
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