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Author Berezovikov N.N. url 
  Title Rare and endangered birds and animals of South Altai Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 27-30  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; South Altai; endangered species; snow leopard; poaching.; 6240; Russian  
  Abstract This article describes distribution of snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali (Ovis ammon), dhole (Cyon alpinus), and manul (Felis manul) in South Altai. Nine encounters with snow leopard and its traces were registered in 1966 1980, including two facts of catching and one of shooting the animal.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 602 Serial 131  
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Author Burgelo T.B. url 
  Title Brief information of snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 54-55  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; records; analysis of food remains; captive breeding.; 6400; Russian  
  Abstract This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 618 Serial 201  
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Author Riddell, Mand L.G. url 
  Title Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730  
  Abstract This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:

ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity

ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers

ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching

ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently

ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions

ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders

ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region

ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region

 Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan

 Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains

 Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations

 More government fund for the Institute of Zoology

 Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard

survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.

This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and

distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.

The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 283 Serial 816  
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Author Bekenov A.B. url 
  Title Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part1. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 149  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; life history; diet.; 6210; Russian  
  Abstract There is one subspecies U.u.uncia in Kazakhstan. It is distributed in the Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur, South Altai, and preys mainly on ibex, roe deer, argali, and marmots. Its litter consists of one to five cubs (normally two three). Female bears once in two years.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Book of gene pool of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 599 Serial 126  
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Author Grachev Yu.A. url 
  Title Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Part 1. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 64-67  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; historical range; conservation.; 6790; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 657 Serial 341  
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Author Kovshar A.F. url 
  Title Snow leopard. Uncia uncia Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 85-86  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian  
  Abstract In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 718 Serial 584  
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Author Shnitnikov V.N. url 
  Title Rocks and taluses. Snow leopard, Irbis Felis irbis Shreb Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1936 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 44-49  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; Semerechie; fauna; snow leopard.; 8150; Russian  
  Abstract In Semerechie, snow leopard is not a rare species. In 1931, 53 snow leopards were hunted in southern Semerechie. In the past, at the markets of Central Tien Shan one could buy skins or live snow leopards, which were in demand abroad. Probably, number of snow leopards in Semerechie has increased. Now, it can be found not only in remote areas but in the vicinity of settlements (snow leopards, for instance, were observed some 20 30 km from Almaty, and 60 km from Frunze). Snow leopard preys mainly on ibex (¥…dr… sibiri¤…), snow-cock (O†traogallus himalauenses), and numerous argali – in some areas. The animal will never attack a man, even if wounded.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Semerechie. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 793 Serial 886  
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Author Kovshar A.F. url 
  Title A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 56-58  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; Red Data book; protected areas; snow leopard.; 7390; Russian  
  Abstract Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of All-Union Symposium “Mountainous geosystems of intracontinental deserts and semi-deserts”. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 717 Serial 585  
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Author Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A. url 
  Title Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1978 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 33-34  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; Red Data book; conservation measures; extinction risk; endangered species; snow leopard; protected areas.; 8330; Russian  
  Abstract In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection of flora and fauna in Uzbekistan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 811 Serial 940  
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Author Grachev Yu.A. url 
  Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol.1.Animals. Part 1.Vertebrates. Issue Pages 246-247  
  Keywords (down) Kazakhstan; Red Data book; category of threat; distribution; number; conservation measure; captive breeding; snow leopard.; 6810; Russian  
  Abstract Status: rare (Category III). Distribution: Tien Shan mountains, Tarbagatai, Saur and Altai mountains. Total number in Kazakhstan does not exceed 200 individuals. The main threats are poaching and reduction number of preys. In Almaty Zoo captive breeding was successful in 1976 and 1985. Snow leopard is protected in Aksu Jabagly, Almaty and Markakol nature reserves. To ensure the survival of the species it is necessary to establish a reserve in Dzhungar mountains and to improve protection in existing nature reserves.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The Red data book of Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 659 Serial 343  
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