Anonymous. (2008). The Project Snow Leopard. Dehradun, India: Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.
Abstract: GOAL: To safeguard and conserve India’s unique natural heritage of high altitude wildlife populations and their habitats by promoting conservation through participatory policies and actions.
DRAFTED BY: Project Snow Leopard Committee instituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, (vide Notification No. F.No., 15 5/2006 WL I, Dated 31 July 2006) (Annexure 1).
LOCATION: All biologically important landscapes in the Himalayan high altitudes in the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.
|
Dawa, T., Farrington, J., Norbu, K. (2007). Competition and Coexistence: Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet. Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: Tibet People’s Publishing House.
Abstract: In Chinese and English.
Note: this is a slightly expanded book version of the following report with a full Chinese translation: Tsering Dawa, John D. Farrington, and Kelsang Norbu. Human-wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet: The Impact of Tibetan Brown Bears and other Wildlife on Nomadic Herders with Recommendations for Conflict Mitigation. Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: WWF China-Lhasa Field Office, 2006.
The multiple-use Chang Tang and Seling Lake Nature Reserves were created in 1993 to protect the unique assemblage of large fauna inhabiting the high-altitude steppe grasslands of northern Tibet, including the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan brown bear, Tibetan Gazelle, wild yak, and snow leopard. Prior to creation of the reserve, many of these species were heavily hunted for meat and sale of parts. Since creation of the reserve, however, killing of wildlife by subsistence hunters and commercial poachers has declined while in the past five years a new problem has emerged, that of human-wildlife conflict. With human, livestock, and wildlife populations in the reserves all increasing, and animals apparently emboldened by reserve-wide hunting bans, all forms of human-wildlife conflict have surged rapidly since 2001. This conflict takes on four primary forms in the Chang Tang region: 1)killing of domestic livestock in corrals and on open pastures by Tibetan brown bears, snow leopards, and other predators, 2) Tibetan brown bears badly damaging herders’ cabins and tents in search of food, 3) loss of important grass resources to large herds of widely migrating wild ungulates, particularly the Tibetan wild ass, possibly leading to winter starvation of livestock, 4) driving off of domestic female yaks by wild yak bulls in search of harems.
In April of 2006, the authors conducted a wildlife conflict survey of 300 herding households in Nagchu Prefecture’s Shenzha, Tsonyi, and Nyima Counties. Results showed that the 87 percent of households had experienced some form of wildlife conflict since 1990. The Tibetan brown bear was the largest source of wildlife conflict, affecting 49 percent of surveyed households, followed by grazing competition conflict which affected 36 percent of surveyed households, and snow leopard conflict which affected 24 percent of surveyed households. Type and frequency of wildlife conflict problems cut across all three surveyed socio-economic factors, residence type, size of living group, and economic status/herd size, and was primarily a function of location. A break down of incidences of human-wildlife conflict into three 5 to 6-year time periods between January 1990 and April 2006 revealed dramatic increases in conflict occurring since 2001. When compared to the 1990-1995 period, the incidence of conflict today ranged from 2.6 times higher for fox conflict to 5.5 times higher for conflict with snow leopards, while there was a 4.6 fold increase in the occurrence of bear conflict. From second-hand accounts and wildlife remains confiscated from herders, it is now believed that retaliatory killing of wildlife rivals commercial poaching as the greatest threat to the continued existence of the Chang Tang region's large fauna. Human-wildlife conflict reduction strategies and wildlife conservation education programs must be devised and implemented in order to halt the retaliatory killing of wildlife by nomadic herders in the Chang Tang.
|
Dawa, T., Farrington, J., Norbu, K. (2006). Human-wildlife Conflict in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet: The Impact of Tibetan Brown Bears and other Wildlife on Nomadic Herders with Recommendations for Conflict Mitigation. Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: WWF China-Lhasa Field Office.
Abstract: The multiple-use Chang Tang and Seling Lake Nature Reserves were created in 1993 to protect the unique assemblage of large fauna inhabiting the high-altitude steppe grasslands of northern Tibet, including the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, Tibetan brown bear, Tibetan Gazelle, wild yak, and snow leopard. Prior to creation of the reserve, many of these species were heavily hunted for meat and sale of parts. Since creation of the reserve, however, killing of wildlife by subsistence hunters and commercial poachers has declined while in the past five years a new problem has emerged, that of human-wildlife conflict. With human, livestock, and wildlife populations in the reserves all increasing, and animals apparently emboldened by reserve-wide hunting bans, all forms of human-wildlife conflict have surged rapidly since 2001. This conflict takes on four primary forms in the Chang Tang region: 1)killing of domestic livestock in corrals and on open pastures by Tibetan brown bears, snow leopards, and other predators, 2) Tibetan brown bears badly damaging herders’ cabins and tents in search of food, 3) loss of important grass resources to large herds of widely migrating wild ungulates, particularly the Tibetan wild ass, possibly leading to winter starvation of livestock, 4) driving off of domestic female yaks by wild yak bulls in search of harems.
In April of 2006, the authors conducted a wildlife conflict survey of 300 herding households in Nagchu Prefecture’s Shenzha, Tsonyi, and Nyima Counties. Results showed that the 87 percent of households had experienced some form of wildlife conflict since 1990. The Tibetan brown bear was the largest source of wildlife conflict, affecting 49 percent of surveyed households, followed by grazing competition conflict which affected 36 percent of surveyed households, and snow leopard conflict which affected 24 percent of surveyed households. Type and frequency of wildlife conflict problems cut across all three surveyed socio-economic factors, residence type, size of living group, and economic status/herd size, and was primarily a function of location. A break down of incidences of human-wildlife conflict into three 5 to 6-year time periods between January 1990 and April 2006 revealed dramatic increases in conflict occurring since 2001. When compared to the 1990-1995 period, the incidence of conflict today ranged from 2.6 times higher for fox conflict to 5.5 times higher for conflict with snow leopards, while there was a 4.6 fold increase in the occurrence of bear conflict. From second-hand accounts and wildlife remains confiscated from herders, it is now believed that retaliatory killing of wildlife rivals commercial poaching as the greatest threat to the continued existence of the Chang Tang region's large fauna. Human-wildlife conflict reduction strategies and wildlife conservation education programs must be devised and implemented in order to halt the retaliatory killing of wildlife by nomadic herders in the Chang Tang.
Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China: WWF China-Lhasa Field Office
|
Abdusaljamov I.A., M. S. R. (2001). Conservation strategy of rare and endanger vertebrate species of Tajikistan republic. Bulletin of Academy of Sciences of Republic Tajikistan, 2(143), 40–48.
|
Mallon, D. (1987). Snow Leopards in Northern Hunza.
Abstract: In fall 1987 an expedition from Operation Raleigh went to Hunza in Pakistan. In promoting expeditions for young people from many countries. the London-based organization aims to carry out scientific. community. and adventure projects all over the world. One objective of the 40-strong team based at Passu in northern India was a preliminary survey of the snow leopard and large ungulates.
|
Hillard, D. (1986). Field report form the Himala V an Snow Leopard Project: Survey In Hongu Valley After participating in the Fifth International Snow Leopard Symposium in Srinagar.1–3.
|
WWF Mongolia. (2008). Mobile Training Team Report on Strengthening of Cooperation/Partnership among Law Enforcement Agencies for Reduction and Elimination of Environmental Violations and Crimes. Mongolia: Author.
Abstract: Under a joint Decision No: 102/132 by Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs (Ts. Munkh-orgil) and Minister of Nature and Environment (G. Shiilegdamba) dated on April 03, 2008 (Annex1), mobile training “Increased Participation of Law Enforcement Agencies in Reduction of Illegal Wildlife Product Trade” for law enforcement agencies was organized with WWF funding on 11-25 April, 2008. Training was organized in border points in Borshoo in Uvs Aimag, Tsagaan Nuur of Bayan-ulgii Aimag, Yarant in Khovd Aimag and Burgastai in Govi-altai Aimag. This mobile training was jointly organized by the Crime Prevention Coordination Council of the Ministry of Justice and Internal Affairs, the Frontier Defense Department of Frontier Troop Headquarter Management Board of General Office of Frontier Inspection of General Office of Frontier Defense, the State Frontier Specialized Agency at the SSIA, the General Police Office, University of Customs Economics, and Mongolian National Committee of CITES, WWF Mongolia, local office (Uvs Aimag) of Community based Biodiversity Conservation of Altai Sayan Eco-Region Project, and anti-poaching team “Ireves”. Overall, training was focused on how to detect and arrest illegal network of wildlife and its product trades, how to take preventive measures from such illegal actions, and how the law enforcement agencies should cooperate. While trainers tried to teach the topics in simple and clear understandable ways as much as possible, trainees endeavored how to get common understanding on the aspects and assist in decision making concerning the respective illegal actions.
This report entirely covers the results of training on increased participation of law enforcement agencies, particularly the law enforcement agencies operating in the vicinity of State border areas in reduction and elimination of illegal wildlife and its products. As a campaign “Prevention from environmental violations” was announced in April, 2008, some other public events e.g. workshops and seminars, and open forum discussions on national television were jointly organized with local offices of the National Committee of Crime Prevention in the Uvs, Khovd, and Govi-altai Aimags, where training was held. Training organized at the State border points (4) abovementioned was attended by over 120 individuals and workshops and discussions held in Uvs, Khovd, Bayan-ulgii and Govi-altai Aimags were attended by about 110 participants. One of advantages of training and discussions was that they were open to multiple parties/stakeholders and enabled them to learn more and exchange their views/opinions as well as cooperate.
|
WWF Mongolia. (2009). Works done by Irves-1 operative group in 2009. Mongolia: Author.
Abstract: Below works has been implemented by Irves-1 operative group of Specialized Inspection Agency.
|
WWF Mongolia. (2008). Brief report of the trainning on wool organized in centre of Uvs aimag. Mongolia: Author.
Abstract: In training held on 21-28 December of 2007 were attended 5 people in total: 2 members of Uureg community and 3 members of Argalt-kharig community of Sagil soum.
The training on processing wool and producing felt organized everyday between 08.15 and 22.00 and started in time as it was planned. During the training the members of two communities actively participated and did class work well.
|
Jackson, R. (1990). Snow Leopard Recovery Plan: Preliminary Recommendations.
Abstract: Submitted to Species Survival Commission, Cat Specialist Group 31 January 1990.
|