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Author |
Hussain, S. |
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Title |
Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods: A pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Mountain-Research-and-Development. |
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20 |
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226-231 |
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Uncia-uncia; snow-leopard; Felidae; protection; Human; Hominidae; farmer; livestock; Mammalia; Project-snow-leopard; economic-evaluation; ecotourism-activities; farmer-livelihood; insurance-scheme; mountain-livelihood; retaliatory-killings; snow leopard; browse; Uncia uncia; uncia; project snow leopard; economic evaluation; evaluation; economic; ecotourism activities; ecotourism; activities; farmer livelihood; livelihood; mountain livelihood; mountain; retaliatory killings; retaliatory; killings; 20 |
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Snow leopards that prey on poor farmers' livestock pose a twofold problem: they endanger farmers' precarious mountain livelihoods as well as the survival of the snow leopard as a unique species since farmers engage in retaliatory killings. Project Snow Leopard (PSL), a recent pilot initiative in Baltistan, involves a partnership between local farmers and private enterprise in the form of an insurance scheme combined with ecotourism activities. Farmers jointly finance the insurance scheme through the payment of premiums per head of livestock they own, while the remaining funds are provided by profits from trekking expeditions focusing on the snow leopard. The insurance scheme is jointly managed by a village management committee and PSL staff. The scheme is structured in such a way that villagers monitor each other and have incentives to avoid cheating the system. |
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Document Type: English
Call Number: Call number: GB500 .M68 |
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SLN @ rana @ 389 |
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399 |
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Ming, M., Munkhtsog, B., McCarthy, T., McCarthy, K. |
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Title |
Monitor ing of Population Density of Snow Leopard in X injiang |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment |
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27 |
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1 |
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79-83 |
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Uncia uncia; snow leopard; monitoring method; trace; infrared camera; relative intensity |
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The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a very rare species in China. The survey of traces of snow leopard in Kunlun, Altay and Tianshan is them a instep of the Project of Snow Leopard in X injiang supported by the International Snow Leopard Trust ( SLT) and the Xinjiang Conservation Fund (XCF). During the field survey from 2004 to 2010, the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group ( XSLG) spent about 270 days in over 20 different places, covering over 150 transects totaling nearly 190 km, and found 1- 3 traces per kilometer. The traces of snow leopard recorded include dung, odor, chains of footprints, scraping, paw nail marks, lying mark, fur, urine, bloodstain, leftover of prey corpse, roaring and others. Based on tracer image analyses, the XSLG got to know primarily scopes of the domains, distribution and relative density of the snow leopard in these areas. Then the group began to take infrared photos, conducted survey of food sources of the leopards, investigated fur market and paths of trading, and cases of killing, and carry out civil survey through questionnaire, non government organization community service and research on conflicts between grazing and wild life protection. A total of 36 infrared came ras were laid out, working a total of about 2 094 days or 50 256 hours. A total 71 rolls of film were collected and developed, includ ing 32 clear pictures of snow leopards, thus making up a shooting rate or capture rate of 1.53%. It was ascertained that in Tomur Peak area, there were 5- 8 snow leopards roaming within a range of 250 km2, forming a population density of 2��0- 3��2 per 100 km2. After compar ing the various monitoring results, the advantages and limitations of different monitoring methods have been discussed. |
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Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1303 |
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Tsherbina E.I. |
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Title |
Snow leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1970 |
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55-56 |
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Turkmenistan; snow leopard; distribution.; 8420; Russian |
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In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia. A considerable number of snow leopards are met in the mountains of Tajikistan, Pamir, Tien Shan, Altai, and Tuva ASSR. Snow leopard is extremely rare in Turkmenistan. It is occasionally caught/shot in Kopet-Dag. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Commercial game species of Turkmenistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 819 |
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973 |
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Author |
Laptev M.K. |
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Title |
The cats – Felidae |
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Miscellaneous |
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1936 |
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Issue V. |
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77-82 |
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Turkmenistan; Kopet-Dag; Felidae; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7560; Russian |
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An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of Turkmenistan is given. The following features are used: colour, pattern, teeth formula, skull measurements, and sizes of body, head, and tail. The presence of snow leopard for Kopet-Dag is indicated. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of vertebrate species of Turkmen SSR. Mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 734 |
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612 |
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Kashkarov D.N. |
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Living conditions and living in various parts of the mountainous Turkestan. Central Asian snow leopard, irbis |
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1923 |
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Issue 2. The animals of mountainous Turkistan. |
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3-6 |
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Turkestan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7070; Russian |
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It describes fauna of the mountainous Turkestan. Irbis is met in Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and Kopet-Dag. Apart from Turkistan, it lives in the Altai, Tibet and on northern slopes of the Himalayas. In Kopet-Dag, this species is met with another panther Caucasian leopard. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine. It also attacks small livestock. Normally this species would never attack the man though hunters mentioned some cases that evidence otherwise. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The animals of Turkestan, their life and importance for man. Popular essays. |
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SLN @ rana @ 685 |
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518 |
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Kashkarov D.N. |
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Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats |
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Miscellaneous |
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1932 |
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392-393 |
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Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian |
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Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 687 |
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520 |
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Rashid, W., Shi, J., Rahim, I. U., Dong, S., Sultan, H. |
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Issues and Opportunities Associated with Trophy Hunting and Tourism in Khunjerab National Park, Northern Pakistan |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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Animals |
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10 |
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597 |
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1-20 |
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trophy hunting; mass tourism; Pamir; eco-tourism; human-Snow leopard conflict |
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Trophy hunting and mass tourism are the two major interventions designed to provide various socioeconomic and ecological benefits at the local and regional levels. However, these interventions have raised some serious concerns that need to be addressed. This study was conducted in Khunjerab National Park (KNP) with an aim to analyze comparatively the socioeconomic and ecological impacts of trophy hunting and mass tourism over the last three decades within the context of sustainability. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with key stakeholders and household interviews were conducted to collect data on trophy hunting and mass tourism, and on local attitudes towards these two interventions in and around KNP. The results revealed that 170 Ibex (Capra sibirica) and 12 Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) were hunted in the study area over the past three decades, and trophy hunting was not based on a sustainable harvest level. Trophy hunting on average generated USD 16,272 annual revenue, which was invested in community development. However, trophy hunting has greatly changed the attitudes of local residents towards wildlife: a positive attitude towards the wild ungulates and strongly negative attitude towards wild carnivores. In addition, trophy hunting has reduced the availability of ungulate prey species for Snow leopards (Panthera uncia), and consequently, Snow leopards have increased their predation on domestic livestock. This has, in turn, increased human–snow leopard conflict, as negative attitudes towards carnivores result in retaliatory killing of Snow leopards. Furthermore, according to ocial record data, the number of tourists to KNP has increased tremendously by 10,437.8%, from 1382 in 1999 to 145,633 in 2018. Mass tourism on average generated USD 33,904 annually and provided opportunities for locals to earn high incomes, but it caused damages to the environment and ecosystem in KNP through pollution generation and negative impacts on wildlife. Considering the limited benefits and significant problems created by trophy hunting and mass tourism, we suggest trophy hunting should be stopped and mass tourism should be shifted to ecotourism in and around KNP. Ecotourism could mitigate human–Snow leopard conflicts and help conserve the fragile ecosystem, while generating enough revenue incentives for the community to protect biodiversity and compensate for livestock depredation losses to Snow leopards. Our results may have implications for management of trophy hunting and mass tourism in other similar regions that deserve further investigation. |
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1621 |
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Author |
Satunin K.A. |
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Title |
Review of the Mammals in Trans Caspian region |
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1905 |
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Vol. 25, issue. 3. |
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56 |
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Trans Casnian region; snow leopard; records.; 8100; Russian |
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Snow leopard Pardus uncia Schreber recorded in Trans Caspian region (in Sumbar rive) very rare and occasionally. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 788 |
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848 |
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Author |
Maming, R. |
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Title |
Market prices for the tissues and organs of snow leopards in China |
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2012 |
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Selevinia |
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20 |
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119-122 |
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trade; cases; products; prices; bazaars; snow leopards; extinction; Xinjiang |
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The population of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is plummeting as waterfall in
the last ten years. The illegal trade of snow leopard products is one of the fatal
factors. The biggest range and the biggest population of snow leopard both are in
China, and the largest trade is also in the country. Through questionnaires and
investigation with informants from 2002 to 2012, a lot of data were collected
through variety ways in different regions. In this paper 387 cases of snow leopard
poaching including smuggling routes, product list, price system and product usages
from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were collected for analysis and discussion. In
the face of rapid development in the west of China, the results showed that our
government did not try to protect the snow leopards, and the text of law was
practically useless. International organizations such as WWF, WCS, IUCN, PANTHERA,
SLT & SLN with SLSS were also powerless and helpless to stop snow leopard poaching
and trading. As a result, the fate of the snow leopard is very bad, and this is
worrying. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1395 |
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Jegal, A.; Kashkarov, E.; Matyushkin E.N. |
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Simple method to distinguish tracks of snow leopard and lynx |
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2010 |
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tracks; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Lynx; gobi; Altai; mountain; range; mountains; region; distribution; Case; local; hunters; hunter; Animals; Animal |
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In the Mongolian and Gobi Altai mountain ranges and also in some other mountains in this region, the
distribution of the snow leopard and Eurasian lynx overlaps. In some cases, local hunters cannot
distinguish the tracks of both these animals. Therefore we outline a simple method to distinguish tracks of
the snow leopard and lynx. |
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Two English translations of article are provided. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1101 |
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491 |
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Author |
Oshmarin P.G. |
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Traces in nature |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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296 |
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Traces of vital activity; hunting behavior; snow leopard.; 7820; Russian |
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Traces of vital activity of various animal species such as footprints, faeces, food remains, etc. are identified. It also provides information about hunting behavior of predators. Snow leopards would hunt along rather than in groups. Near the remains of prey they leave pieces of skin, skull of victim remaining untouched. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 760 |
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757 |
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Author |
Severtsov N.A. |
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Travel within Turkestan region and mountain country Tien Shan survey |
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Miscellaneous |
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1873 |
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152 |
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tien shan; snow leopard; records.; 8110; Russian |
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Snow leopard Felis irbis Ehrb inhabits in Tien Shan. Irbis was recorded in around of Issykul lake. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 789 |
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877 |
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Koshkarev, E.P. |
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On the environment-related stability of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) populations in connection with their distribution in the natural habitats and changes for spread within the USSR |
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1990 |
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Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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37-50 |
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Tein-Shan; distribution; population; Ussr; former-soviet-republic; Russia; snow-leopard; Uncia-uncia; browse; former soviet republic; former; soviet; republic; uncia; 900 |
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The stability of animal populations in respect of the influence of the environment is well known to be conditioned by their location in the natural habitat and their ability to establish new territories. In the peripheral regions of natural habitat, however-in the zone that is ecologically least favourable-the situation of the animal is most unstable. This is due to increased pressure of environmental factors which favour neither a high frequency of contacts between individuals belonging to sperate populations nor an increase in the number of such contatcs and their stabilization. In our opinion, this describes the situation that has come about in certain regions inhabited by the snow leopard in the Soviet Union. |
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Tien Shan High Mountain Physical and Geographical Station, Academy of Science of the Kirghisian Societ Socialist Republic, Village of Pokrovka, Kirghisian SSR, USSR (full text at URL)Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 158 |
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574 |
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Yu, N.Z.C.; Wang, X.; He, G.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, A.; Lu, W.; Tang, F. |
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A revision of genus Uncia Gray, 1854 based on mitochondrial DNA restriction site maps |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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16 |
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2 |
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105-108 |
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taxonomy; uncia; panthera; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1350; Chinese |
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The Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is one of the most threatened wild big cats within its range of distribution, however, the question of its systematic status is a matter of debate. Is it a member of genus Panthera, or is it in its own genus (Uncia)? The analysis of genetic difference at the DNA level may provide useful data to clarify the issue. In the present study, ten hexanucleotide-specific restriction endonucleases were used to evaluate the patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation between the Snow leopard and leopard (P. pardus). The molecular size of mtDNA from the two species was about 16.5 kb. Ten enzymes surveyed 32-34 restriction sites, which corresponded to 192 apprx 204 base pairs, or 1.16% apprx 1.24% of the total mtDNA molecule. A total of 45 restriction sites were mapped; of these sites, twenty-four, which correspond to 53.3% of the total sites, were variable. The sequence divergence between them was 0.075 33, which was undoubtedly in the species-level distinction but did not reach the genus level. Therefore, the Snow leopard should be placed in the genus Panthera rather than in its own ganus. It also seems reasonable to recognize Uncia as a valid subgenus. This conclusion not only support but also supplement the viewpoint of Simpson who treated Uncia as a subgenus within Panthera. |
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Document Type: Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 295 |
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1063 |
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Author |
Abdulnazarov A.G. |
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Title |
About status of the Red Book vertebrates in the Zorkul nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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5-6 |
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Tajikistan; Zorkul nature reserve; Pamir argali; rare species; snow leopard; 5750; Russian |
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In the nature reserve, there are 18 animal species listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tajikistan including 8 mammal species, one of which, snow leopard, is in the Red List of IUCN. There are 10 Red Book bird species in the nature reserve. Pamir argali is represented by several dozens of isolated groups. No encounters of Tien Shan brown bear, dhole and lynx have been reported in the nature reserve over the last years. A total number of mountain geese were about 400, in the year 2001. Mongolian saker falcon was met twice. Two golden eagles and six lammergeyers were found too. |
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Russian |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic features of biological diversity. Proceedings of the second international scientific conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 555 |
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21 |
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Author |
Flerov K.K. |
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Title |
Capra sibirica, Uncia uncia uncia Erxleben |
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Miscellaneous |
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1935 |
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115-120 |
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Tajikistan; wild ibex; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior.; 6690; Russian |
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It describes identification signs of ibex and snow leopard; provides data concerning taxonomy, distribution and behavioral patterns of the both species. Snow leopard inhibits the mountains of Central Asia, Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans and southward to the Humalayas. In Tajikistan snow leopard is distributed in Pamir, and probably, along alpine strip of the ridges in northern Tajikistan. The sub-species status is not defined. It is known that the same type inhabits the area from the Sayans to Himalayas. Only in Tibet and highlands of Sychuan and Gansu lives a well-marked sub-species Uncia uncia uncioides Hodgson. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Tajikistan, their life and importance for man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 647 |
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278 |
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Author |
Abdusalamov I.A. |
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Title |
Required protection measures for rare and endangered vertebrate species in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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N 2 (143) |
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40-48 |
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Tajikistan; vertebrates; protected areas; endangered species; snow leopard.; 5840; Russian |
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The network of Tajikistan's protected areas (four nature reserves, 14 national and 18 regional sanctuaries, one national park) is described. The establishment of `Shakhristan state complex nature reserve' and `Sarykamish state complex reserve', and interstate nature complex park on northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is recommended to improve conservation practices for a number of endangered vertebrate animal species in Northern Tajikistan (such as brown bear, snow leopard, wild sheep, and others). |
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Russian |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: News of the Academy of Science of Tajikistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 563 |
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29 |
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Author |
Sapozhnikov G.N. |
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Title |
Wild sheep in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1976 |
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199 p. |
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Tajikistan; urial; argali; taxonomy; morphology; variability; life history characteristics; distribution; number; diet; behavior; parasites; predators; snow leopard.; 8060; Russian |
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The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii). |
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Full text available in Russian |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 784 |
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845 |
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Author |
Golub O.N. |
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Title |
Perspective protection of rare mammal species in the nature reserves of Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1983 |
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9-10 |
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Tajikistan; snow leopard; ibex; protection.; 6780; Russian |
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In winter, some seven to 14 snow leopards come into the nature reserve “Ramit” when chasing ibex within their winter habitats. The nature reserve is yet the only remaining place for ibexes to winter in eastern part of the Gissar ridge. Some 150 200 ibexes winter in the nature reserve. The nature reserve should be extended towards highlands in order to protect snow leopards. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of III All-Union conference. Rare mammal species and their protection. |
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SLN @ rana @ 656 |
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338 |
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Author |
Sokov A.I. |
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Snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1997 |
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151-152 |
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Tajikistan; Red Data book; snow leopard; decline; protection; distribution; number; life-history; protected measures.; 8230; Russian |
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Snow leopard distributed in Pamir, Mountain Badakhshan (2500-5500 masl). Its number assessed as 250-350 individuals. There were recorded 450 snow leopards in 1950s-1960s. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of Tajikistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 801 |
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914 |
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Sokov A.I. |
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Environmental prerequisites for protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals in Tajikistan |
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1986 |
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Vol. 3. |
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27-29 |
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Tajikistan; Red Data book; rare species; carnivores; large predators; brown bear; hyena; tiger; leopard; Lynx; snow leopard; decline; protection; sustainable use.; 8220; Russian |
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In Tajikistan it is necessary to preserve big predators listed in the Red Book, such as Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos isabellinus, Hyaena hyaena, Felis lynx isabellina, Panthera pardus ciscaucasica. An anthropogenic influence has resulted in the species' habitat shrinkage, deficit of food, disturbance of trophic interactions. It is necessary to restore a tiger population in the Tigrovaya Balka nature reserve, and resolve the issue of protection and sustainable use of commercial predatory species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of IV Congress of all-Union mammalists' society. |
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SLN @ rana @ 800 |
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913 |
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Author |
Sapozhnikov G.N., G.O.N. |
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Ramit nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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322-329 |
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Tajikistan; Ramit nature reserve; flora; fauna; snow leopard.; 8080; Russian |
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The general information on Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan as well as its physic-geographical, floristic and faunistic description is given. 7-15 snow leopards that make seasonal migrations following wild ibexes inhabit in nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protected areas of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 786 |
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846 |
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Author |
Golub O.N. |
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Title |
The Ramit nature reserve and its problems |
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1981 |
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60-61 |
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Tajikistan; Ramit nature reserve; Animals; snow leopard; ibex; number; threats.; 6770; Russian |
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The following Red Data Book species inhabit the Ramit nature reserve: snow leopard, bear, lynx, otter, Bukhara deer, etc. Its population is indicated to be closely related to number of ibex (150 animals). The latter is subject to heavy anthropogenic pressure when migrating outside the nature reserve in winter. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The status and perspectives of wildlife protection in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 655 |
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337 |
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Author |
Kadamshoev M. |
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Title |
Establishment of highland nature reserves required |
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1990 |
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Part 1. |
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227-228 |
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Tajikistan; Pamir; Mountain Badakhshan; nature reserves; endemics; rare species; snow leopard; tourism.; 7030; Russian |
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Human population growth in the Mountain Badakhshan autonomous province will result in changes of wild life habitat. The first highland nature reserve (Muksu river basin) is proposed to be established within the habitat of Marco Polo sheep, Siberian ibex, Tien Shan brown bear, snow leopard, Himalayan and Tibetan snow-cock, bar-headed goose, bearded and Himalayan vultures. The Mountain Badakhshan nature reserve will serve as a reference for other highland landscapes of the USSR, a `fiduciary' of gene bank containing valuable endemic, rare, and endangered animal and plant species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 681 |
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509 |
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Author |
Meklenburtsev R.N. |
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About ecology of ibex in Pamir |
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1949 |
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Vol. 28, edition 5. |
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482-483 |
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Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian |
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Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 742 |
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674 |
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