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Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
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Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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1992 |
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76-80 |
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Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian |
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Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book. |
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SLN @ rana @ 616 |
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185 |
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Author |
Egorov O.V. |
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Title |
Enemies, infections, parasites and mortality rate of ibex |
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Miscellaneous |
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1955 |
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Vol. 42. |
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37-50 |
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Ussr; ungulates; predators; snow leopard.; 6520; Russian |
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Reasons for ibex and argali mortality from natural enemies, parasites, infections, accidents, and hunters are analyzed. Snow leopard is one of the most dangerous enemies of ibex and argali, preying equally on both young and mature animals (mostly males). Snow leopard feeds upon ibex all year round. Unlike wolf, snow leopard would never kill several animals at a time, but only one selected victim. The food remains left by these predators are different in terms of the skull gnawing. Nasal bones and eye-sockets on the skull of ibex killed by snow leopard remain undamaged, while wolf gnaws off nasal part of the skull, breaks eye-sockets, eats lower jaw, widens occipital hole and pulls out brains. Snow leopard leaves large pieces of skin around the skeleton of the victim, whereas wolf tears it to shreds or eats up fully. Sometimes parts of the victim left by snow leopard are eaten by wolf. It is easy to mix the remains of snow leopard's or griffon vulture's food. The remains differ in skin being turned inside out rather than torn to large pieces. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of ZIN of the Academy of Science of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 630 |
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251 |
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Author |
Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Title |
Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR: additions |
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Miscellaneous |
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1998 |
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90 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7850; Russian |
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A full hierarchic system of mammal fauna in the USSR and CIS countries, list of synonyms, comments on taxonomy, and information about geographical distribution are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species U. uncia (Schreber, 1776) distributed in highlands (up to 5,000 m) of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 763 |
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764 |
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Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book |
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Miscellaneous |
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1995 |
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167-168 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7840; Russian |
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This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 762 |
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761 |
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Author |
Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Title |
Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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90 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7830; Russian |
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The reference book on taxonomy of modern mammals in the USSR provides classification from order to species, list of synonyms for all taxons, and indicates types and typical habitats, and places of storage of typical exhibits. Fauna of the USSR has one species of genus Uncia Grey, 1854 Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776). |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 761 |
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763 |
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Author |
Gromov I.M. |
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Title |
Felis (Uncia) uncia Schreber (1776) leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1963 |
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Part.2. |
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890-892 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; morphology; distribution; biology; value; snow leopard.; 6820; Russian |
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An identification table for genus and species of mammals of USSR is given. The taxonomy, morphology, distribution and life history are described. The features of snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia, distribution, biology and practical value are described. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The mammals of USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 660 |
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356 |
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Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Genus irbis (Uncia Gray, 1854), irbis (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776). Terrain animals of Russia. Reference book identifier |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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118-119 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Ussr; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7860; Russian |
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It provides brief characteristics of terrain mammals in Russia: taxonomy, synonyms, principle features, distribution, habitat, biological features. Snow leopard is distributed in the mountains (from 800 to 5,000 m above sea level) of Central Asia Himalayas, Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan; in Russia the Altai, Tuva, southern Transbaikalia. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 764 |
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762 |
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Koshkarev, E.; Vyrypaev, V. |
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The snow leopard after the break-up of the Soviet Union |
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2000 |
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Cat News |
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32 |
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9-11 |
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Ussr; Soviet-Union; survival; Extermination; endanger; poaching; Sociology; Russia; snow-leopard; browse; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; ecomomics; politics; herders; unting; trading; furs; pelts; agriculture; 40 |
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Full text at URLDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 378 |
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566 |
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Author |
Ognev S.I. |
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Uncia uncia Sch., 1778. Irbis or snow leopard |
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1935 |
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Vol.3. |
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263-270 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Ussr; snow leopard; taxonomy; biology; distribution.; 7790; Russian |
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It describes identification signs and taxonomy of genus Uncia Gray and the only representative of genus Uncia uncia Sch., 1778, distribution and some features of the species' biology. A habitat of snow leopard includes the mountains of Central Asia from Kopet-Dag and northern Iran to the east along the mountain systems of Pamir, Turkestan, Gilgit, Tibet, Himalayas before the country Kam. On the north, snow leopard is met in Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans, and further eastward to the Yablonoviy and Stanovoy ridges reaching the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the USSR and neighboring countries. |
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SLN @ rana @ 757 |
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737 |
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Author |
Kolosov A.M. |
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Genus Snow leopards Uncia |
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1979 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; systematic position; life-history; distribution; number; preys; practical use.; 7220; Russian |
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It provides description of appearance, distribution, behavioral patterns, and use of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Central Asia, east of the Amudarya river, along the ridges of Djungar Ala-Tau and Tarbagatai, South Altai, West and East Sayans. Its main food is ungulates, though it also preys on snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. It has no enemy other than wolf; its diseases are not studied. Snow leopard is not dangerous for man. The fur-skin is used for making rugs and fur. Less than 1,000 animals are hunted globally. Before 1960, in the USSR less than 120 skins were annually purchased. Its total population is several thousand animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology of game animals in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 700 |
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549 |
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Kolosov A.M. |
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Snow leopard, or irbis, – Felis uncia Schreb |
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1961 |
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89-90 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; systematic position; life-history; distribution; number; preys.; 7200; Russian |
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It describes appearance, distribution and behavioral patterns of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and the Altai and mainly feeds upon ungulates, and also snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. Number of snow leopards is very low. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology of commercial game animals in the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 698 |
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547 |
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Akimushkin I. |
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Snow leopard or irbis |
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1988 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; number; food; behavior; reproduction; threats.; 6000; Russian |
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Snow leopard behavioral patterns, food preferences, and reproduction are described in a popular way. The population of snow leopard is defined to be 1,000 animals. A reason for the population decline is hunting for the sake of beautiful fur. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Mammals or animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 579 |
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49 |
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Geptner V.G. |
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Genus snow leopard or irbis |
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1972 |
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Vol. 2, Part 2. |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Ussr; snow leopard; identification; phylogeny; distribution; number; life history; use.; 6760; Russian |
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It describes genus and species features of snow leopard such as appearance, skull, sizes, phylogenetic links, distribution, geographic variability, biology including number, habitat, refuges, activity in daylight and night, behavioral patterns, reproduction, enemies and rivals, and practical use of the species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Soviet Union. |
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SLN @ rana @ 654 |
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336 |
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Sokolov V.E. |
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Snow leopard |
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1986 |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 8250; Russian |
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Snow leopard is an endangered species. Its number is steadily decreasing. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia: Pamir, Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur. It is also met at altitudes ranging from 1,800 3,500 m above sea level. A total number of snow leopard in the USSR does not exceed 1,000 animals; according to other data 2,000 animals. A decreasing number of snow leopard and its habitat shrinkage is directly related to human's pursuing snow leopards (in the USSR snow leopard was for a long time being considered as a species causing damage to livestock so authorities gave premiums for catching/shooting snow leopards) and reduction of ungulate population. Snow leopards are now protected in mountain nature reserves of the USSR: Chatkal, Aksu-Djabagly, Ramit, Besh-Aral, Sary-Chelek, and Alma-Ata. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals. Mammals. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 803 |
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908 |
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Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1976 |
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82-98 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian |
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It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 772 |
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780 |
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Author |
Zhirnov L.V. |
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Title |
Rare and endangered species of the USSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1978 |
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91-94 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; practical use.; 8740; Russian |
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A description of snow leopard number, distribution, reproductive biology, death reasons, and conservation measures in the USSR, where northern and north-western border of its habitat runs, is given. The population of snow leopard in the USSR is 500 1,000 animals. In the Inner Tien Shan, 400 snow leopards were caught 1936 through 1970. The maximum of 120 skins was purchased in Pamir in 1956 1958. Population of snow leopard directly correlates with population of ibex, a fact being verified by data collected on a long-term basis. Moreover, snow leopard was for a long time considered as a harmful animal, shooting of which was encouraged by premiums and resulted in reduction of snow leopard population. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals and birds. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 851 |
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1080 |
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Author |
Molyukov M.I. |
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Title |
Irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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74-81 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian |
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In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 749 |
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703 |
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Author |
Bannikov A.G. |
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Title |
Snow leopard (irbis). Felis uncia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1973 |
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44 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; life history; threats.; 6150; Russian |
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Irbis is distributed in highlands of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Altai. It preys mainly on wild sheep and ibex, marmots, pica, snow-cock, rarer other ungulates, rodents and birds. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. At the beginning of spring this species is on heat, gestation period being 90 100 days. Female bears two three (to five) cubs. The litter splits in one year. The animal sheds hair twice a year. It has a low population and therefore hunting for snow leopard is prohibited. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game animals and birds of the USSR. Reference book and identifier. |
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SLN @ rana @ 593 |
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114 |
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Author |
Akimushkin I. |
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Title |
Snow leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1971 |
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210-211 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; behavior; reproduction.; 5990; Russian |
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The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 578 |
Serial |
48 |
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Author |
Heiz A.V. |
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Title |
Some legal issues of snow leopard protection in the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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244-245 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; criminal responsibility; management responsibility; liability for breakage; protection; propaganda; counts.; 6860; Russian |
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Any commercial use or sport hunting for snow leopard is prohibited everywhere. In the USSR, illegal hunting or attempt to hunt was prosecuted according to the criminal or administrative law. The following additional measures are required to successfully protect the species: conducting awareness activity in local communities, continuous control, quick investigating of snow leopard extermination cases, and regular counts of snow leopard population. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Environment fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 664 |
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379 |
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Author |
Razmakhnin V.E. |
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Title |
Siberian wild ibex |
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Miscellaneous |
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1977 |
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164-175 |
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Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian |
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It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 783 |
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810 |
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Author |
Lavrov N.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1985 |
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58-60 |
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Ussr; Russia; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7570; Russian |
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Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the RSFSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 735 |
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613 |
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Author |
Matyushkin E.N. |
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Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775 |
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1984 |
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Vol.1. |
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42-43 |
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Ussr; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7620; Russian |
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Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, was included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and given status III rare species with small habitat. It provides information about its distribution (from Pamir and West Tien Shan to East Sayans), habitat, biology, number, threats, and existing and required protection measures. Total number in the USSR is about 2,000 animals. There were 194 snow leopards in the zoos throughout the world at the beginning of 1980. In the USSR the species is under protection in nature reserves as follows: Ramit, Chatkal, Besh Aral, Aksu Jabagly, Sary Chelek, Almaty, Altai. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red data Book of the USSR. Rare and endangered animal and plant species. |
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SLN @ rana @ 740 |
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651 |
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Author |
Cherkasova M.V. |
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Title |
Predators |
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Miscellaneous |
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1982 |
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15 |
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Ussr; Red Data book; mammals; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard.; 6420; Russian |
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Among species included in the Red Data Book of the USSR, predators occupy the first place; of them, unconditional leadership belongs the cat family species. Nine of eleven species of the family are referred to as rare and endangered ones. In the past snow leopard (Uncia uncia) inhabited all mountains on the south of the USSR from Tien Shan and Pamir to Transbaikalia. Now it no longer inhabits many of its previous habitats and has become rare, everywhere. Its total population in the USSR is no more than 1000 animals. At the beginning of XX century there were cases that such an amount of snow leopard (i.e. 1,000) was hunted during one year. Until recently, hunting the species was allowed all year round and even encouraged. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: They must live. Mammals. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 620 |
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215 |
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Author |
Kaletskiy A. |
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Title |
They must live |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1978 |
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N 11. |
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Keywords ![sorted by Keywords field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian |
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Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Man and nature. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 683 |
Serial |
510 |
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