| Records |
| Author |
Shrestha, B. |
| Title |
Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2008 |
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1-35 |
Keywords  |
project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging |
| Abstract |
Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock. |
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| Notes |
Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal. |
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| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1076 |
Serial |
887 |
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| Author |
Ale, S.B.; Yonzon, P.; Thapa, K. |
| Title |
Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
41 |
Issue |
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Pages |
89-92 |
| Keywords |
Nepal; recovery; Sagarmatha Mount Everest National Park; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; surveys; survey; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; valley; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; using; information; management; system; research; transects; transect; sign; areas; area; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; 40; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; location; recent; species; grazing; land; Forest; habitat; domestic; wild; ungulates; ungulate; livestock; tourism; development; traditional; land use; land-use; use; wildlife |
| Abstract |
From September to November 2004 we conducted surveys of snow leopard Uncia uncia signs in three major valleys in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park in Nepal using the Snow Leopard Information Management System, a standardized survey technique for snow leopard research. We walked 24 transects covering c. 14 km and located 33 sites with 56 snow leopard signs, and 17 signs incidentally in other areas. Snow leopards appear to have re-inhabited the Park, following their disappearance c. 40 years ago, apparently following the recovery of Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus and musk deer Moschus chrysogaster populations. Taken together the locations of all 73 recent snow leopard signs indicate that the species is using predominantly grazing land and shrubland/ open forest at elevations of 3,000-5,000 m, habitat types that are also used by domestic and wild ungulates. Sagarmatha is the homeland of c. 3,500 Buddhist Sherpas with .3,000 livestock. Along with tourism and associated developments in Sagarmatha, traditional land use practices could be used to ensure coexistence of livestock and wildlife, including the recovering snow leopards, and ensure the wellbeing of the Sherpas. |
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English |
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| Notes |
http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Ale_2007.pdf |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 884 |
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58 |
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| Author |
Sukhbat, K.; Munkhtsog, B. |
| Title |
Density and Distribution of Ibex and Argali Sheep in Mongolia |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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Pages |
121-123 |
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Mongolia; argali; habitat; predator; prey; ibex; ungulates; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 2840 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 329 |
Serial |
942 |
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| Author |
Formozov A.N. |
| Title |
Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1990 |
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83-84 |
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Migration; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6740; Russian |
| Abstract |
It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Snow cover in life of mammals and birds. |
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SLN @ rana @ 652 |
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283 |
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Miller, D.J.; Jackson, R. |
| Title |
Livestock and Snow Leopards:making room for competing users on the Tibetian Plateau |
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Conference Article |
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1994 |
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315-328 |
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livestock; Tibet; herder; herders; predator; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tibetian-Plateau; ungulates; wild-yak; blue-sheep; pika; marmots; gazelle; antelope; Qomolangma; Namcha-Barwa; Chang-Tang; habitat; grazing; wolves; pens; enclosures; bounties; bounty; pelts; skins; coats; furs; poisoning; medicine; bones; land-use; conservation; ecology; blue; sheep; browse; tibetian; plateau; wild; yak; namcha; barwa; change; tang; land use; land; 2800 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 244 |
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676 |
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Vorobjov A.G. |
| Title |
Ungulates (Artiodactyla) of the Western Tien Shan (Distribution and number within Kyrgyzstan) |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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68-72 |
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Kyrgyzstan; Western Tien Shan; distribution; number; ungulates; predators; wolf; Lynx; snow leopard; commercial hunting.; 8520; Russian |
| Abstract |
Materials on numbers and densities of 8 ungulates (Sus scrofa nigripes, Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus, Cervus elaphus, Cervus nippon, Cervus dama, Capra sibirica formosovi, Ovis ammon karelini, Bison bonasus) within the Chatkal …nd Talas Ranges are given. A critical analysis is also presented on prospects for development of the commercial hunting tourism as opportunities for additional assignments in measures on conservation of the Western Tien Shan biodiversity |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of Western Tien Shan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 829 |
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992 |
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Heiz A.V. |
| Title |
Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and its protection |
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Miscellaneous |
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1983 |
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3 |
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92-93 |
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Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; number; decline; mountain ungulates; livestock; hunting; propaganda; protection.; 6870; Russian |
| Abstract |
In the year 1970, the quantity of snow leopards in Kyrgyzstan was defined as 1,300 animals, while in the years to follow 1,600 animals were recorded. A snow leopard population has significantly decreased since recently because of intense extermination of snow leopard's prey ungulates, particularly ibex. In some areas of the Kyrgyz ridge livestock is growing in number thus affecting snow leopard population. It is extremely rare that snow leopard would attack livestock. Snow leopards can be caught under special license. Educational and awareness work among shepherds and hunters residing in the mountainous area of the country needs to be improved. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammal species of the USSR and their protection. |
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SLN @ rana @ 665 |
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380 |
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| Author |
Zhiryakov V.A. |
| Title |
The influence of the predators on population trend of the ungulates in the Almaty nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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199-201 |
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Kazakhstan; predators; ungulates; dencity; population trend; snow leopard.; 8770; Russian |
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The data on predators and ungulates population dynamics in Almaty Nature reserve (Kazakhstan) in 1983-1987s are given. The number of snow leopard is stable (3-5 individuals), the density is 0.06 indi/1000 ha. An insignificant increase of Siberian ibex' number (660 to 700) with density of 36 indi/1000 ha is recorded. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: All-Union Conference on cadastre and censusing of the animals. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 854 |
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1084 |
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| Author |
Ismagilov M.I. |
| Title |
Protection of rare mammals in Kazakhstan |
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Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1983 |
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230-232 |
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Kazakhstan; nature reserves; mammals; rare species; ungulates; carnivores; rodents; insectivores; bats; snow leopard.; 6990; Russian |
| Abstract |
The following rare mammals can be found in nature reserves of Kazakhstan: argali, goitered gazelle, kulan, snow leopard, stone marten, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, Menzbier's marmot, and porcupine. The rest of rare mammal species (three insectivorous species, seven rodent, eight predator, and two ungulate species) are outside of protected areas and require special protection measures. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Population variability of species, and mammal gene bank conservation problems. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 677 |
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424 |
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| Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
| Title |
Preservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species |
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Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1982 |
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Issue |
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100-107 |
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Kazakhstan; gene pool; rare species; mammals; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard; rodents; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes.; 7360; Russian |
| Abstract |
The rare species are protected in six nature reserves in Kazakhstan, including 9 mammals, 29 birds, and one reptile species. More than 20 rare and endangered species inhabiting Kazakhstan cannot be met within the nature reserves. The point is to establish a network of state nature reserves, particularly in steppe and desert area of the country. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The nature conservation in Kazakhstan. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 714 |
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581 |
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