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Author Rieger, I.; Peters, G.
Title Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 46 Issue (up) 1 Pages 35-48
Keywords mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570
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Notes Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 59 Serial 821
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Author Schaffer, E.; Wiesner, H.; Von Hegel, G.
Title Multiple ocular coloboma (MOC) with persistent pupillary membrane in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Tierarztl Prax Abbreviated Journal
Volume 16 Issue (up) 1 Pages 87-91
Keywords Animal; Carnivora; Case; Report; Coloboma; etiology; pathology; veterinary; Comparative; study; Eyelids; abnormalities; Male; Optic; Nerve; Syndrome; browse; 270; german
Abstract In a litter of three snow leopards, bilateral colobomata of the upper temporal eyelids, bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and a unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve entrance are described as “Multiple Ocular Colobomata” (MOC). The causal pathogenesis of each of the colobomata is discussed comparatively. The colobomata of the eyelids, essential feature of the MOC syndrome in snow leopards, are most probably not of hereditary, but rather of intrauterine infectious viral origin.
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ISSN 0303-6286 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: German Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 112 Serial 851
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Author Kinsel, M.J.; Kovarik, P.; Murnane, R.D.
Title Gastric spiral bacteria in small felids Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 29 Issue (up) 2 Pages 214-220
Keywords Gastric-spinal-bacteria; snow-leopard; medical; zoo; snow leopard; browse; gastric; spinal; bacteria; 1270
Abstract Nine small cats, including one bobcat (Felis rufus), one Pallas cat (F. manul), one Canada lynx (F. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (F. viverrina), two margays (F. wiedii), and two sand cats (F. margarita), necropsied between June 1995 and March 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one African lion (Panthera leo), two snow leopards (P. uncia), one Siberian tiger (P. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (P. onca), necropsied during the same period had none. All of the spiral organisms from the nine small cats were histologically and ultrastructurally similar. Histologically, the spiral bacteria were 5-14 mum long with five to nine coils per organism and were located both extracellularly within gastric glands and surface mucus, and intracellularly in parietal cells. Spiral bacteria in gastric mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx, one fishing cat, and the two sand cats were gram negative and had corkscrew-like to tumbling motility when viewed with phase contrast microscopy. The bacteria were 0.5-0.7 mum wide, with a periodicity of 0.65-1.1 mum in all cats. Bipolar sheathed flagella were occasionally observed, and no periplasmic fibrils were seen. The bacteria were extracellular in parietal cell canaliculi and intracellular within parietal cells. Culture of mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx and sand cats was unsuccessful. Based on morphology, motility, and cellular tropism, the bacteria were probably Helicobacter-like organisms. Although the two margays had moderate lymphoplasmacytic gastritis, the other cats lacked or had only mild gastric lymphoid infiltrates, suggesting that these organisms are either commensals or opportunistic pathogens.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 354 Serial 534
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Author Oli, M.K.
Title Seasonal patterns in habitat use of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Mammalia Abbreviated Journal
Volume 60 Issue (up) 2 Pages 187-193
Keywords blue-sheep; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; Nepal; conservation; prey; predator; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; panthera; uncia; 670
Abstract Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) are the main prey of the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as well as an important game species in Nepal. A knowledge of how blue sheep utilize their habitat is essential for the scientific management of the sheep and for the conservation of the snow leopard, but we only have a limited understanding of this aspect of blue sheep ecology. I studied the habitat use pattern of blue sheep by direct observation in the Anna-purna Conservation Area, Nepal where they occur sympatrically with the snow leopard. The sheep used grassland habitats more frequently during pre-parturition (spring) and post-parturition (autumn) than other habitat types, but scrub and grassland habitats were used equally frequently during the rut (winter). The sheep used smooth undulating slopes of medium steepness (<40 degrees) on southerly aspects within the elevation range of 4,200-4,600 m most frequently in all seasons, and there was no evidence of seasonal migration along the elevation gradient. When not in broken landforms (e.g., cliff, landslides), the sheep maintained proximity (less than or equal to 150 m) to such features suggesting their importance as escape cover (i.e., from predators). The use of habitat components by blue sheep appeared to be related to the distribution of foraging areas and escape cover.
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Notes UNIV EDINBURGH,INST CELL ANIM & POPULAT BIOL,EDINBURGH EH9 3JT,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLANDANNAPURNA CONSERVAT AREA PROJECT,KATMANDU,NEPAL /Publisher:MUSEUM NAT HIST NATURELLE, PARIS Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 289 Serial 751
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Author Liao, Y.F.
Title The Geographical Distribution of Ounces in Qinghai Province Type Journal Article
Year 1985 Publication Acta Theriologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue (up) 3 Pages 183-188
Keywords China; Qinghai; distribution; browse; 5470; ounce; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; province; 20; Qilian; number; 40; Male; Female; park; Adult; bharal; Pseudois; breeding; people; birth; young; Chinese
Abstract This paper deals with the geographical distribution of ounces (Panthera uncia) in Qinghai Province. Ounces are distributed in 20 counties- Guide, Huzhu, Menyuan, Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Golmud, Guinan, Xinghai, Zhidoi, Zadoi, Nangqen, Yushu, Chindu, Qumarleb, Madio, Maqen, Jigzhi, Baima, Darlag. Among them, there fore 4 counties- Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Zadoi, in which the number of ounces are bigger. The number of ounces are shown in table 2. There are altogether 73 ounces (40 male, 33 female) which is supported to every park of China for ornamental, they were captured by fellow-villagers, and 44 ounces (23 male, 21 female) of them are below 6 months old, 9 ounces (6 male, 3 female) of them are 1 year old, 2 ounces (male) are 2 years old, and 18 ounces (9 male, 9 female) are adults.

Ounces live at an altitude of 3000-4100 metres above the sea, and prefer to eat Bharal (Pseudois noyour). Its breeding period goes from April to June, the number of embryos being 2-3.

A female ounce was successfully reproduced for the first time at Xining People's Park of China, in Spetember, 1984, and she gave birth to 3 young ounces.
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Notes Document Type: Chinese Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 531 Serial 617
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Author Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.K.
Title Diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Journal of Zoology London Abbreviated Journal
Volume 231 Issue (up) 3 Pages 365-370
Keywords predation; scats; prey; Nepal; blue-sheep; marmot; yaks; pika; livestock; diet; blue; sheep; browse; 770
Abstract The diet of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was studied from 213 scats collected between April 1990 and February 1991 in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Seven species of wild and five species of domestic mammals were taken, as well as an unidentified mammal and birds. Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) were the most frequently eaten prey. Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) were also important, except in winter when they were hibernating. During winter, snow leopards ate more Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei) and domestic livestock. Yaks were eaten more frequently than other livestock types.
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Notes Document Type: English Call Number: QL1 .J879 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 206 Serial 744
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Author Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
Title Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Biol Reprod Abbreviated Journal
Volume 51 Issue (up) 4 Pages 776-786
Keywords Animal; Carbon; Radioisotopes; Carnivora; Cats; Chromatography; High; Pressure; Liquid; Comparative Study; Estradiol; metabolism; Estrone; feces; chemistry; Female; Ovary; physiology; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Pseudopregnancy; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; non; government; gov't; us; 170
Abstract Noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. Using the domestic cat (Felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14C]estradiol (E2) and [14C]progesterone (P4) were determined. Within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered E2 and P4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. E2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme- hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). P4 was excreted primarily as non-enzyme- hydrolyzable, conjugated metabolites (78%) and as unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. A simple method for extracting fecal steroid metabolites optimized extraction efficiencies of the E2 and P4 excretion products (90.1 +/- 0.8% and 87.2 +/- 1.4%, respectively). Analysis of HPLC fractions of extracted fecal samples from the radiolabel-injected domestic cats revealed that E2 immunoreactivity coincided primarily with the unconjugated metabolized [14C]E2 peak, whereas progestogen immunoreactivity coincided with a single conjugated epimer and multiple unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. After HPLC separation, similar immunoreactive E2 and P4 metabolite profiles were observed in the leopard cat (F. bengalensis), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that changes in fecal E2 and P4 metabolite concentrations reflected natural or artificially induced ovarian activity. For example, severalfold increases in E2 excretion were associated with overt estrus or exogenous gonadotropin treatment, and elevated fecal P4 metabolite concentrations occurred during pregnant and nonpregnant (pseudopregnant) luteal phases. Although overall concentrations were similar, the duration of elevated fecal P4 metabolites during pseudopregnancy was approximately half that observed during pregnancy. In summary, steroid metabolism mechanisms appear to be conserved among these physically diverse, taxonomically related species. Results indicate that this hormone-monitoring approach will be extremely useful for elucidating the hormonal regulatory mechanism associated with the reproductive cycle, pregnancy, and parturition of intractable and endangered felid species.
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ISSN 0006-3363 ISBN Medium
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Notes Document Type: eng Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 251 Serial 198
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Author Heinen, J.T.; Leisure, B.
Title A new look at Himalayan Fur Trade Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue (up) 4 Pages 231-238
Keywords fur; trade; coat; pelt; poaching; hunting; hunter; browse; 2970
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 198 Serial 376
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Author Smith, G.
Title Mongolia at the crossroads Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Earth Island Journal Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue (up) 4 Pages 1
Keywords Mongolia; hunting; poaching; economy; snow-leopard; ibex; Argal; protection; conservation; snow leopard; browse; 1170
Abstract Abstract: Assesses foreign investment laws adopted by the government of Mongolia which have been deemed extremely flexible and favorable for Americans. Economic benefits presented by the big game hunt industry; Consultation with Secretary of State James Baker in the formulation of said laws during his July The Mongolian government is trying its best to make the country attractive to foreign investors. Big game hunts are still Mongolia's primary source of foreign cash. European and American hunters are willing to pay as much as $90,000 for rare game such as the ibex or the snow leopard. However, a recent US Fish and Wildlife Service ruling giving protection to the Argal, a wild sheep, could mean the cutting of cash inflows from foreign hunters.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 189 Serial 903
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Author Wack, R.F.; Kramer, L.W.
Title Multifocal osteomyelitis in a young snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 26 Issue (up) 4 Pages 553-563
Keywords Antibacterial-Drug; Case-Study; diagnosis; Enrofloxacin; Pathophysiology; snow-leopard; veterinary; medical; osteomyelitis; snow leopard; antibacterial; drug; Case; study; snow; leopard; browse; 1370
Abstract A 5-mo-old male snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was presented for mild rear leg lameness. Osteomyelitis was suspected on the basis of radiographic changes and confirmed by histopathology of a biopsy sample from the affected bone. Aerobic cultures of the biopsies repeatedly grew Klebsiella oxytoca. Repeated anaerobic and fungal cultures did not result in growth. The leopard was treated unsuccessfully with cefadroxil, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine despite apparent in vitro sensitivity to these antibiotics. Successful resolution was eventually achieved with enrofloxacin, 7.5 mg/kg p.o. b.i.d. for 60 days. The number of bones involved (right humerus, right and left ulna, right and left radius, right and left femur, right and left tibia, mandible, right metatarsus) made this an unusual presentation of osteomyelitis.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 277 Serial 997
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