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| Author | Prakash, I. | ||||
| Title | Asian predators of livestock | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | B2 | Issue  |
Pages | 405-410 | |
| Keywords | predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870 | ||||
| Abstract | Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis | ||||
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| Notes | ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 84 | Serial | 791 | ||
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| Author | Raghavan, B.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Qureshi, Q. | ||||
| Title | Interactions between livestock and Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei); final report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-46 | ||
| Keywords | Interactions; interaction; livestock; Ladakh; urial; ovis; endangered; Animal; Iucn; 2000; Cites; indian; wildlife; protection; number; 1960; 70; hunting; meat; fox; Chundawat; population; range; species; recent; humans; Human; Pressure; habitat; areas; area; human activity; activity; activities; agriculture; pastoralism; development; dam; Base; threats; threat; poaching; grazing; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya; Competition; resource; presence; India; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; program | ||||
| Abstract | The Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei) is a highly endangered animal (IUCN Red List 2000) listed in the Appendix 1 of CITES and Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Its numbers had been reduced to a few hundred individuals in the 1960s and 70s through hunting for trophies and meat (Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). However, with the protection bestowed by the IWPA 1972, and resultant decrease in hunting, the population seems to have shown a marginal increase to about 1000-1500 individuals in its range in Ladakh (Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). Although the species had in the past, been able to coexist with the predominantly Buddhist society of Ladakh, the recent increase in the population of both humans and their livestock has placed immense pressures on its habitat (Shackleton 1997, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). This is especially important considering that the Ladakh urial habitat coincides with the areas of maximum human activity in terms of settlements, agriculture, pastoralism and development, in Ladakh (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). Increased developmental activities such as construction of roads, dams, and military bases in these areas have also increased the access to their habitat. This has consequently made the species more vulnerable to the threats of poaching and habitat destruction (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2002). Pressure from increased livestock grazing is one of the major threats faced by the species today (Shackleton 1997, Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, IUCN Red List 2000 Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). In the impoverished habitat provided by the Trans-Himalayas, there is great competition for the scarce resources between various animal species surviving here (Fox 1996, Mishra 2001). The presence of livestock intensifies this competition and can either force the species out of its niche (competitive exclusion) by displacing it from that area or resource, or lead to partitioning of resources between the species, spatially or temporally, for coexistence (Begon et al. 1986, Gause 1934). | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Wildlife Institute of India. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1075 | Serial | 802 | ||
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| Author | Rieger, I. | ||||
| Title | Management techniques of captive ounces, (Uncia uncia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication | Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue |
Pages | 50-70 | |
| Keywords | husbandry; rearing; captivity; zoos; zoo; housing; breeding; mating; browse; 3660 | ||||
| Abstract | Presents a comparison of housing and techniques for care and breeding at 16 zoos. Includes comments on factors which may influence breeding | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 46 | Serial | 817 | ||
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| Author | Roberts, T.J. | ||||
| Title | The Mammals of Pakistan | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1977 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | Pakistan; ecology; status; distribution; browse; 2200 | ||||
| Abstract | Brief description of physical characteristics, ecology,status, and distribution of snow leopard in Pakistan | ||||
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| Publisher | Ernest Benn | Place of Publication | London and Tonbridge | Editor | |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | 156-158 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 38 | Serial | 825 | ||
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| Author | Sayer, J.A. | ||||
| Title | The conservation of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Afghanistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 55-61 | |
| Keywords | Afghanistan; status; distribution; browse; 2490 | ||||
| Abstract | Outlines status and distribution as well as recent sightings of snow leopard in Afganastan | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 53 | Serial | 849 | ||
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| Author | Schaller, G.B. | ||||
| Title | Mountain mammals in Pakistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 13 | Issue |
Pages | 351-356 | |
| Keywords | Pakistan; Chitral-Gol; status; distribution; hunting; poaching; hunters; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; chitral gol; chitral; protected area; protected; area; 2240 | ||||
| Abstract | Four or five snow leopards were present in 300 sq km of Chitral District in 1974. Six snow leopards were shot in vicinity of Chitral Gol in winter of 1971-1972, and at least one the next year. Estimates fewer then 250 snow leopards in Pakistan. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 33 | Serial | 863 | ||
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| Author | Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Smith, R.C.; Lewis, C.R. | ||||
| Title | Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone, and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard (Panthera pardus) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1988 | Publication | Journal of Reproductive Fertility | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 82 | Issue |
Pages | 43-49 | |
| Keywords | captive; Ovulation; Panthera pardus; Progesterone; Serum; sexual behaviour | ||||
| Abstract | Three mature nulliparous female leopards were studied for 5 years. During three separate 6-month periods serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals. Oestradiol was elevated over 21 pg/ml for 54 weeks during these 3 periods, and 36 oestradiol peaks (65\m=.\8\m=+-\6\m=.\3pg/ml (mean \m=+-\s.e.m.), range 21\p=n-\172pg/ml) were identified. Daily frequency of feline reproductive behaviours averaged over each week increased from 1\m=.\9\m=+-\0\m=.\2(n = 93) during weeks with low serum oestradiol concentrations (<21 pg/ml) to 5\m=.\3\m=+-\0\m=.\6(n = 54) during weeks when serum oestradiol concentrations (>21 pg/ml) were high. Increased serum progesterone concentrations (13\p=n-\98n/gml) were observed on 5 occasions in 2 leopards housed together. These presumptive luteal phases lasted from 1 to 5 weeks. Baseline progesterone values were 1\m=.\6\m=+-\0\m=.\4 ng/m(nl= 131). No progesterone increments were observed in isolated animals, and serum concentrations remained at baseline levels. These limited observations suggest that female leopards do not require intromission to induce ovulation and luteal function. The average interval between oestradiol peaks for cycles with no progesterone increment was 3\m=.\4weeks (range 1\p=n-\6weeks). The interval for the 3 complete cycles associated with elevated progesterone concentrations was 7\m=.\3weeks. Analysis of sexual behaviours over the 5-year study period revealed no evidence of seasonality in these captive leopards. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 923 | Serial | 873 | ||
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| Author | Shrestha, B. | ||||
| Title | Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-35 | ||
| Keywords | project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging | ||||
| Abstract | Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1076 | Serial | 887 | ||
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| Author | Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P.; Koirala, R.A. | ||||
| Title | Summer diets of wild and domestic ungulates in Nepal Himalaya | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of Zoology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 266 | Issue |
Pages | 111-119 | |
| Keywords | argali; blue sheep; Capra hircus; diet; faecal analysis; fecal analysis; mountain ungulates; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; pseudois nayaur | ||||
| Abstract | The selection of summer forage by three sympatric ungulates in the Damodar Kunda region of upper Mustang in north Nepal was studied to assess the extent of food overlap between them. To compare their diets, a microhistological technique of faecal analysis was used, adjusted for inherent biases by comparing it with bite-count data obtained in domestic goats. Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni, naur (blue sheep or bharal) Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus consumed mostly forbs, graminoids and browse, respectively. The proportions of food items in their diets were significantly different both at the plant species (P<0.02) and at the forage category level (P<0.001). Except for sharing three common plants (Agrostis sp., Stipa sp. and Potentilla fruticosa), dietary overlap at the species level was quite low. At the forage category level, naur and domestic goat overlapped more than the other ungulate pairs. Although all three species were opportunistic, mixed feeders, argali was a more selective forb specialist grazer than the other two ungulates. Owing to some spatial separation and little dietary overlap, interspecific competition for summer forage was low. If animal densities increase, however, goats are expected to compete more with naur than with argali because of their more similar diets. Owing to differences in forage selection by argali and naur throughout their large geographical ranges, reflecting adaptations to local ecological conditions, inferences regarding forage competition between domestic livestock and these two wild caprins need to be made from local, site-specific studies, rather than from general diet comparisons. |
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| Publisher | The Zoological Society of London | Place of Publication | London | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 934 | Serial | 888 | ||
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| Author | Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. | ||||
| Title | Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Adv.Etho | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 33 | Issue |
Pages | 43 | |
| Keywords | abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management | ||||
| Abstract | Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. | ||||
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| Notes | WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 349 | Serial | 897 | ||
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