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| Author | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association | ||||
| Title | Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue  |
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| Keywords | nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology | ||||
| Abstract | In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1100 | Serial | 705 | ||
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| Author | Molyukov M.I. | ||||
| Title | Irbis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 74-81 | ||
| Keywords | Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 749 | Serial | 703 | ||
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| Author | Mitropolskiy O.V. | ||||
| Title | The Red Book of the USSR (Rare and endangered bird and animal species in Uzbekistan) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1979 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 28-48 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; snow leopard; distribution; number.; 7650; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard is distributed in the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Fergana, Alai, Turkistan, and Hissar ridges. Though there is no precise data concerning number of snow leopard in Uzbekistan it is estimated to range from 15-20 to 50 animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunter and fisherman of Uzbekistan. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 743 | Serial | 698 | ||
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| Author | Sapozhnikov G.N. | ||||
| Title | Wild sheep in Tajikistan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 199 p. | ||
| Keywords | Tajikistan; urial; argali; taxonomy; morphology; variability; life history characteristics; distribution; number; diet; behavior; parasites; predators; snow leopard.; 8060; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii). | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 784 | Serial | 845 | ||
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| Author | Matyushkin E.N. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1984 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Vol.1. | Issue |
Pages | 42-43 | |
| Keywords | Ussr; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7620; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, was included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and given status III rare species with small habitat. It provides information about its distribution (from Pamir and West Tien Shan to East Sayans), habitat, biology, number, threats, and existing and required protection measures. Total number in the USSR is about 2,000 animals. There were 194 snow leopards in the zoos throughout the world at the beginning of 1980. In the USSR the species is under protection in nature reserves as follows: Ramit, Chatkal, Besh Aral, Aksu Jabagly, Sary Chelek, Almaty, Altai. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red data Book of the USSR. Rare and endangered animal and plant species. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 740 | Serial | 651 | ||
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| Author | Loginov O. | ||||
| Title | Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 39-41 | ||
| Keywords | Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock. |
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 737 | Serial | 623 | ||
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| Author | Lavrov N.P. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopard, or irbis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1985 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 58-60 | ||
| Keywords | Ussr; Russia; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7570; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the RSFSR. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 735 | Serial | 613 | ||
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| Author | Kydyraliev A.K. | ||||
| Title | Some animal species' habitat alteration in the Central Tien Shan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1970 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Part 1. | Issue |
Pages | 46-48 | |
| Keywords | Kyrgyzstan; tien shan; human influence; water conservation activity; decline; range; number; birds; mammals; game species; moral; argali; snow leopard.; 7540; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Irrigation and drainage activity in Tien Shan led some bird species to disappear. Number of species to build their nests in tree holes has dropped. Mongolian sandpiper and black-bellied sand grouse disappeared in the steppe areas. Great bustard, formerly nesting in this area, can now be rarely seen only in migration. The direct anthropogenic influence resulted in shrinkage of game animal and bird populations such as moral, goitered gazelle, argali, snow leopard, and stone marten. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Influence of anthropogenic factors on the formation of zoogeographic complexes. The fifth inter-school zoogeographic conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 732 | Serial | 605 | ||
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| Author | Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A. | ||||
| Title | The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 27 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 724 | Serial | 591 | ||
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| Author | |||||
| Title | Biological diversity conservation. National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 34-35 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; national strategy and action plan; biodiversity; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; number; conservation measures.; 6280; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan was signed on April 1, 1998. Snow leopard was included in the list of rare and endangered animal species and referred to category 2 a rare, not endangered species. It is distributed in highlands of the West Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. Its population is 30-50 animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Gissar nature reserve, and Ugam-Chatkal national park. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 606 | Serial | 17 | ||
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