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Kohli, K., Sankaran, M., Suryawanshi, K. R., Mishra, C |
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A penny saved is a penny earned: lean season foraging strategy of an alpine ungulate |
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2014 |
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Animal Behaviour |
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92 |
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93-100 |
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blue sheep, grazing, herbivore, mountain ungulate, optimal foraging, Pseudois nayaur, trans-Himalaya |
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Lean season foraging strategies are critical for the survival of species inhabiting highly seasonal environments
such as alpine regions. However, inferring foraging strategies is often difficult because of
challenges associated with empirically estimating energetic costs and gains of foraging in the field. We
generated qualitative predictions for the relationship between daily winter foraging time, body size and
forage availability for three contrasting foraging strategies including time minimization, energy intake
maximization and net energy maximization. Our model predicts that for animals employing a time
minimization strategy, daily winter foraging time should not change with body size and should increase
with a reduction in forage availability. For energy intake maximization, foraging time should not vary
with either body size or forage availability. In contrast, for a net energy maximization strategy, foraging
time should decrease with increase in body size and with a reduction in forage availability. We contrasted
proportion of daily time spent foraging by bharal, Pseudois nayaur, a dimorphic grazer, across
different body size classes in two high-altitude sites differing in forage availability. Our results indicate
that bharal behave as net energy maximizers during winter. As predicted by the net energy maximization
strategy, daily winter foraging time of bharal declined with increasing body size, and was lower in the
site with low forage availability. Furthermore, as predicted by our model, foraging time declined as the
winter season progressed. We did not find support for the time minimizing or energy intake maximizing
strategies. Our qualitative model uses relative rather than absolute costs and gains of foraging which are
often difficult to estimate in the field. It thus offers a simple way to make informed inferences regarding
animal foraging strategies by contrasting estimates of daily foraging time across gradients of body size
and forage availability. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1409 |
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Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W. |
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Man & the Biosphere: The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China |
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2008 |
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Man & the Biosphere |
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54 |
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6 |
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1-80 |
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conservation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; China; Chinese; national; 80; 200; endangered; McCarthy; awareness; action; surveys; survey; Tomur; mountain; Kunlun; mountains; Xinjiang; ecology; enterprises; Mongolia; Bayarjargal; 180; flagship-species; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; photography; Tianshan Mountains; attack; livestock; home; plateau; 30; snow-leopard-enterprises; 7080 |
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The Chinese magazine <Man & the Biosphere> (Series No. 54, No. 6, 2008) -- A special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards was published by the Chinese National Committee for Man & the Biosphere in 15th December 2008. It is about 80 pages including ten articles with 200 color pictures. The special editors of this issue are the experts from SLT/XCF Prof. MaMing, Mrs. Ge Yun and Mr. Wen Bo. The first paper is “A King of Snow Peaks, Another Endangered Flagship Species” by Dr. Thomas McCarthy, Dr. Urs Breitenmmoser and Dr. Christine Breitenmoser-Wursten (Page 1-1). Another paper “ Conservation : Turning Awareness to Action ” is also from Dr. Thomas McCarthy (Pages from 6-17). There are four articles including the diary and story of the Surveys in Tomur Mountain and Kunlun Mountains written by Prof. MaMing, Mr. XuFeng, Miss Chen Ying and Miss Cheng Yun from the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group and XCF, the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The last is “Snow Leopard Enterprises ” -- A Story from Mongolia by Mrs. Jennifer Snell Rullman and Mrs. Agvaantseren Bayarjargal (Bayara). It is a very useful copy for the conservation in China. Cited as:
Ma Ming, GeYun and WenBo (Special editors of this issue). 2008. The special series for the conservation of Snow Leopards in China. Man & the Biosphere 2008(6): 1-80. Contents 1, A king of snow peaks, another endangered flagship species (Synopsis) ------------- 1-1 The contents --------------------------------------------- ( pages from 2-3 )
2, Protecting Snow Leopard means protecting a healthy eco-systems -------------- 4-5
3, Conservation: Turning awareness into action -------------- 6-17
4, Chinese Snow Leopard Team goes into action -------------- 18-25
5, A diary of infrared photography -------------- 26-35
6, Why have the snow leopards in the Tianshan Mountains begun to attack livestock? --- 36-43
7, The mystery of the Snow Leopards coming down the Tianshan Mountains ----------- 44-45
8, Snow leopards secluded Home on the Plateau ------------- 46-59
9, He saw Snow Leopards 30 years ago ------------- 60-69
10, Snow Leopard Enterprises -- A story from Mongolia ------------- 70-80 |
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Articles are posted individually in the bibliography. Please look up articles by author. In Chinese. |
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SLN @ rana @ 977 |
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684 |
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Ming, M. |
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A diary of infrared photography |
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2008 |
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Man & the Biosphere |
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54 |
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6 |
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26-35 |
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photography; us; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Tianshan Mountains; mountains; mountain; work; field; field survey; field-survey; survey; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kunlun; Chinese |
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The vivid and interesting stories recorded by the diary which is written by the professor Ma Ming tell us specific details of surveying Snow Leopard in the Tianshan Mountains. The members of the team overcame all kinds of difficulties and dangers with persistent enthusiasm for this work, finally, satisfactorily finishing the field survey. Recently, Ma Ming just has accomplished the preliminary investigation of snow leopards in Kunlun Mountains. If you want to share the experience of the surveying, please read this diary (http://maming3211.blog.163.com).
http://space.tv.cctv.com/act/video.jsp?videoId=VIDE1230446448556286 http://maming3211.blog.163.com/blog/static/109271612008112681931339/ |
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SLN @ rana @ 980 |
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686 |
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Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H. |
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Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains |
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2006 |
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Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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52 |
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4 |
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788-793 |
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behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang |
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The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. |
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SLN @ rana @ 971 |
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683 |
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Ahmad, A.; Rawat, J.S.; Rai, S.C. |
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An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development |
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1990 |
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Environmentalist |
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10 |
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4 |
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281-298 |
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environmental-assessment; human-impact; sustainable-development; management-guideline; ecological-degradation; mountain-ecosystem; impact-assessment; developing-country; asia; Himalayas; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; environmental; assessment; Human; impact; sustainable; development; management; guidline; ecological; degradations; mountain; ecosystem; 830 |
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The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors |
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SLN @ rana @ 145 |
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38 |
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Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Munkhtsog, B. |
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Investigation on Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) and Its Prey in Baytag Mountain Region, Xinjiang |
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Miscellaneous |
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2007 |
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63-66 |
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Beita mountain; prey resource; snow leopard; Xinjiang; Chinese |
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The snow leopard and it s p rey were investigated in Beita Mountain Region , Xinjiang in Sep . 2004.
Both the field survey and questionnaire were involved in this project which was supported by the International
Snow Leopard Trust and Xinjiang Conservation Fund. The signs marked by the snow leopard were used
to reflect the living condition of snow leopard and they were collected by running transects. The prey investigation was conducted by positioned observation and route survey. Fifteen transects were done in the
project and 67 signs leaved by snow leopard were discovered in total. 58. 2 % of them were scrapes ,
35.8 % of t hem were feces , 4.5 % of them were claw rakes and 1. 5 % of them were scent
spray. As to the prey resources , 4 herds of 23 ibex and 24 herds of 418 chukars were found during the survey. Also 81 local people of 5 different nationalities were interviewed during the field work , 13.
58 % of them had seen the snow leopard , 20. 99 % of them had heard of snow leopard but not seen. Among t hem , 10 herdsmen had sufferred from the loss of livestock attacked by snow leopard. |
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Full Text Available in ChinesePeriodical: Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment |
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SLN @ rana @ 874 |
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1038 |
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Fox, J.L., Sinha, S.P., Chundawat, R.S. |
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Activity patterns and habitat use of ibex in the Himalaya mountains of India |
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1992 |
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Journal of Mammology |
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Capra ibex, activity patterns, habitat use, Himalaya mountains, India |
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1168 |
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Rothschild, B.M.; Rothschild, C.; Woods, R.J. |
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Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: An expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy |
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1998 |
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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |
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279-284 |
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Acinonyx-jubatus; cheetah; Felidae; Felis-concolor; mountain-lion; Felis-pardalis; ocelot; Panthera-leo; African-lion; Panthera-onca; jaguar; Panthera-pardus; leopard; Panthera-tigris; tiger; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Acinonyx; jubatus; felis; concolor; mountain; lion; pardalis; panthera; leo; african; onca; pardus; tigris; uncia; browse; 1240 |
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Spondyloarthropathy was documented for the first time in 14 (3.7%) of 386 large cats, affecting eight species belonging to three genera. The limited distribution of joint erosions, associated with spine and sacroiliac joint pathology, was indistinguishable from that occurring in humans with spondyloarthropathy of the reactive type. This form of inflammatory arthritis is almost twice as common as osteoarthritis (for felids as a whole), and animal well-being may be enhanced by its recognition and by initiation of specific treatment. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 353 |
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832 |
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Trivedi, P. |
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Project Snow Leopard: Participatory conservation model for the Indian Himalaya |
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2009 |
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Mountain Forum Bulletin |
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52-54 |
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assessment; biodiversity; biodiversity assessment; conservation; global; Himalaya; Icimod; indian; links; mountain; network; participatory; project; Project-snow-leopard; project snow leopard; projects; research; resource; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Support |
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More details at: www.conservation.in or www.ncf-india.org and www.wii.gov.in Newsletter published biannually by Mountain Forum: www.mtnforum.org. Editorial Team: Marianne Heredge, Ujol Sherchan, Frans Neuman,
Laura Keenan, Sunita Chaudhary, Suman Jaiswal. This newlstter edition is a joint product of the Mountain Forum, GMBA and MRI with support from ICIMOD, and brings together contributions from the three networks and partners. It also has a section on links to interesting organisations, resources and projects on Mountain Biodiversity. Published by the Mountain Forum Secretariat in collaboration with the respective Nodes in
Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and North America and with the assistance of the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI) and the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA). |
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SLN @ rana @ 1054 |
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969 |
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Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P. |
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Wild sheep and livestock in Nepal Trans-Himalaya: coexistence or competition? |
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2008 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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32 |
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125-136 |
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bharal; blue sheep; diet; food habits; mountain ungulates; Nepal; pastoralism; pseudois nayaur; rangeland management; resource partitioning |
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Excessive grazing by livestock is claimed to displace wild ungulates in the Trans-Himalaya. This study compares the seasonal diets and habitat use of sympatric wild naur Pseudois nayaur and domestic goat Capra hircus, sheep Ovis aries and free-ranging yak Bos grunniens in north Nepal and analyses their overlap both within and across seasons. Alpinemeadow and the legumes Oxytropis and Chesneya were critical resources for all animal groups. High overlap occurred cross-seasonally when smallstock (sheep and goats) in summer used the spring and autumn ranges of naur. Relatively high total ungulate biomass (3028 kg km-2) and low recruitment of naur (56 young per 100 adult females in autumn) suggested interspecific competition. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity in composition and phenology of food plants across the steep gradient of altitude, together with rotational grazing, appears to indirectly facilitate coexistence of naur and smallstock. However, owing to high crossseasonal (inter-seasonal) overlaps, competition is likely to occur between these two groups at high stocking densities. Within seasons, naur overlapped more with free-ranging yak than with smallstock. As their habitat use and diets were most similar in winter, when both fed extensively on the same species of shrubs, naur was most likely to compete with yak during that season.
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