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Author | Ming, M. | ||||
Title | Camera trapping on snow leopards in the Muzat Valley, Reserve, Xinjiang, P.R. China (October-December 2005) | Type | Report | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
Keywords | behavior; camera trapping; China; feces; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; population size; snow leopard; Tomur; transect; Xinjiang | ||||
Abstract | The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate Snow Leopard population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province. We expended approximately 2094 trap days total. At least 32 pictures of Snow Leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species and 72 pictures of livestock were taken in the Muzat Valley. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. We also observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours and found a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 970 | Serial | 682 | ||
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Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
Title | Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1983 | Publication | Zoo Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 2 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-22 |
Keywords | behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600 | ||||
Abstract | Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved | ||||
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Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 60 | Serial | 319 | ||
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Author | Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. | ||||
Title | Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 74-83 | |
Keywords | behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
Abstract | This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 915 | Serial | 202 | ||
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Author | Dang, H. | ||||
Title | The snow leopard and its prey | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1967 | Publication | The Cheetal | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 47-58 | |
Keywords | India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330 | ||||
Abstract | Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 17 | Serial | 231 | ||
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Author | Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. | ||||
Title | Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Adv.Etho | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 43 | |
Keywords | abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management | ||||
Abstract | Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. | ||||
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Notes | WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 349 | Serial | 897 | ||
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Author | Fox, J.L. | ||||
Title | A review of the status and ecology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | status; ecology; distribution; browse; behavior; Russia; China; Mongolia; Soviet-Union; Pakistan; India; Nepal; Afganastan; Bhutan; mating; sexual-behavior; research; surveys; scrapes; sprays; habitat; 2050 | ||||
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Notes | Full Text at URL | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 137 | Serial | 294 | ||
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Author | Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K. | ||||
Title | The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2020 | Publication | Mammalian Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult | ||||
Abstract | Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1613 | |||
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Author | Fox, J.L. | ||||
Title | Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 17 | Issue | Pages | 18 | |
Keywords | asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640 | ||||
Abstract | During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh. | ||||
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Notes | AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 309 | Serial | 310 | ||
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Author | Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. | ||||
Title | The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Wildlife Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 99 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 52 |
Keywords | predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130 | ||||
Abstract | Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts. | ||||
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Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 291 | Serial | 876 | ||
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Author | Frueh, R. | ||||
Title | A note on breeding snow leopards at the Saint Louis Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1968 | Publication | Int.Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 74-76 | |
Keywords | zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; behavior; browse; 3620 | ||||
Abstract | Breif comments on physical characteristics of the young, care and reproductive behavior of snow leopards | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 21 | Serial | 327 | ||
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Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
Title | Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard | Type | Book Chapter | ||
Year | 1982 | Publication | International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 3 | Issue | Pages | 117-120 | |
Keywords | behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior | ||||
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Publisher | Helsinki Zoo | Place of Publication | Helsinki | Editor | Blomqvist, L. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1029 | Serial | 318 | ||
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Author | Gronberg, E. | ||||
Title | Movement patterns of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) around kills based on GPS location clusters | Type | Report | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | snow leopard, Panthera, Mongolia, Snow Leopard Trust, predator, prey, kill, behavior | ||||
Abstract | Research concerning movement patterns of wild animals has been advancing since GPS technology arrived. But studying the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is still difficult because of the harsh territory it inhabits in Central Asia. This study took place in south Gobi, Mongolia, and aimed to estimate the time spent at kills and the maximum distance away from kills between visits. Snow leopards were monitored with GPS collars that took a location every five or seven hours. Potential kill sites were established by identifying clusters of GPS-locations in ArcGIS and visited in the field for confirmation. ArcGIS was used to calculate the distance between cluster and GPS-locations. I used two buffer zones (100 m and 500 m radius) to define the time snow leopards spent at kills. It was found that snow leopard age and prey category affected time spent at kills and also that snow leopard sex together with prey category affected the maximum distance moved away from kills between visits. Season had no significant effect on either time at kills or distance moved away from kills between visits. Snow leopards spent on average 3.2 days at their kills in the 100 m buffer zone and 3.5 days at their kills in the 500 m buffer zone. Subadults stayed longer at kills than adults and animals of both age categories spent longer time on larger prey. The mean maximum distance moved away from kills between visits was 179 m in the 100 m buffer zone and 252 m in the 500 m buffer zone. Female snow leopards moved further away from kills between visits than male snow leopards. Both the number of days spent on kills and maximum distance moved away from kills between visits increased when kills consisted of more than one animal. This study has provided some basic information on snow leopard behaviors around their kills but also highlights the need to monitor more snow leopards before more solid conclusions can be drawn as this study was based on based on a relatively small sample. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Master's thesis | |||
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Notes | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1301 | ||
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Author | Freeman, H., Braden, K. | ||||
Title | Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1977 | Publication | Zoological Garten J.F. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 47 | Issue | 3/4 | Pages | 280-288 |
Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1256 | ||
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Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
Title | Breeding and behavior of the snow leopard | Type | Report | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, breeding, behavior, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1239 | ||
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Author | Hansen, J. | ||||
Title | The snow leopard study, part one | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 7 | ||
Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Brookfield Zoo, behavior | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1212 | ||
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Author | Molyukov M.I. | ||||
Title | Irbis | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 74-81 | ||
Keywords | Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian | ||||
Abstract | In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 749 | Serial | 703 | ||
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Author | Nolte-Wilson, B. | ||||
Title | Soveriegn of menaced realm: the snow leopard | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | Natura WWF-Pakistan Newsletter | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3-9 |
Keywords | Pakistan; browse; behavior; Chitrol-Gol; baiting; spays; pug; scrapes; habitat; 3130 | ||||
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Notes | Full Text at URL | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 171 | Serial | 723 | ||
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Author | Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. | ||||
Title | A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1981 | Publication | International Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 21 | Issue | Pages | 193-196 | |
Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1211 | ||
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Author | Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. | ||||
Title | Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 55 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 315-327 |
Keywords | vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest | ||||
Abstract | Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores. | ||||
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Publisher | Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. | Place of Publication | Israel | Editor | |
Language | English | Summary Language | English | Original Title | |
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1109 | ||
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Author | Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R. | ||||
Title | Marking in Wild Snow Leopards: A preliminary assesment | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1987 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | No. 13 | Issue | Pages | ||
Keywords | estrus; estrual-cycle; reserach; behavior; scrapes; sprays; Langu-Gorge; Langu; China; browse; 4800 | ||||
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Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Seattle | Editor | |
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Notes | Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 467 | Serial | 36 | ||
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Author | Zhirjakov, V.A. | ||||
Title | On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 25-30 | |
Keywords | Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 | ||||
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Notes | Full text available at URL | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 168 | Serial | 1078 | ||
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Author | Oshmarin P.G. | ||||
Title | Traces in nature | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 296 | ||
Keywords | Traces of vital activity; hunting behavior; snow leopard.; 7820; Russian | ||||
Abstract | Traces of vital activity of various animal species such as footprints, faeces, food remains, etc. are identified. It also provides information about hunting behavior of predators. Snow leopards would hunt along rather than in groups. Near the remains of prey they leave pieces of skin, skull of victim remaining untouched. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in Russian | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 760 | Serial | 757 | ||
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Author | Panwar, H.S.; Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S. | ||||
Title | Ecology of the Snow Loepard and Associated Prey in Central Ladakh | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 18 | ||
Keywords | Ladakh; research; field-study; study; India; home-range; movement; habitat; prey; behavior; Himalaya; Human; ineraction; conflisct; Landsat; browse; 4180 | ||||
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Notes | Full text at URL | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 406 | Serial | 758 | ||
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Author | Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P. | ||||
Title | Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1971 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. | Issue | Pages | 234-235 | |
Keywords | Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian | ||||
Abstract | Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 844 | Serial | 1069 | ||
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Author | Razmakhnin V.E. | ||||
Title | Siberian wild ibex | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1977 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 164-175 | ||
Keywords | Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian | ||||
Abstract | It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 783 | Serial | 810 | ||
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