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Sunquist, F. |
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Title |
Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia) |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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International Wildlife |
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27 |
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1 |
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27-33 |
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Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people |
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The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples. |
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COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 330 |
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950 |
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Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur
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2009 |
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Oecologia |
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1-10 |
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browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya |
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Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1062 |
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951 |
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Suryawanshi, K.R. |
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Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report |
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Report |
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2009 |
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1-43 |
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project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya |
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Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. |
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Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1077 |
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952 |
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Taryannikov, V.I. |
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Distribution, biology and current state of the number of the rare predatory mammals in W. Gissar. The Ecology, Protection, and Acclimatization of Vertebrates in Uzbekistan |
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1986 |
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Uzbekistan; Gissar; distribution; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2600 |
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Tashkent |
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SLN @ rana @ 89 |
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958 |
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Turner, L. |
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Title |
Oklahoma City Zoo-Twenty Nine Snow Leopards |
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1980 |
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Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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2 |
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96-111 |
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zoos; captivity; husbandry; zoo; breeding; housing; browse; 3690 |
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Discusses breeding, housing, aquisition, history |
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SLN @ rana @ 66 |
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974 |
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Volozheninov, N.N. |
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Rare and vanishing mammals and birds in S Uzbekistan. Ecology and protection of the rare and vanishing vertebrates in Uzbekistan, Tashkent |
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1985 |
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Uzbekistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2610; Russian |
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In Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 90 |
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991 |
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Wack, R.F.; Kramer, L.W. |
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Multifocal osteomyelitis in a young snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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1995 |
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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |
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26 |
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4 |
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553-563 |
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Antibacterial-Drug; Case-Study; diagnosis; Enrofloxacin; Pathophysiology; snow-leopard; veterinary; medical; osteomyelitis; snow leopard; antibacterial; drug; Case; study; snow; leopard; browse; 1370 |
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A 5-mo-old male snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was presented for mild rear leg lameness. Osteomyelitis was suspected on the basis of radiographic changes and confirmed by histopathology of a biopsy sample from the affected bone. Aerobic cultures of the biopsies repeatedly grew Klebsiella oxytoca. Repeated anaerobic and fungal cultures did not result in growth. The leopard was treated unsuccessfully with cefadroxil, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine despite apparent in vitro sensitivity to these antibiotics. Successful resolution was eventually achieved with enrofloxacin, 7.5 mg/kg p.o. b.i.d. for 60 days. The number of bones involved (right humerus, right and left ulna, right and left radius, right and left femur, right and left tibia, mandible, right metatarsus) made this an unusual presentation of osteomyelitis. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 277 |
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997 |
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Wajrak, A. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Skins in Poland (Polowanie Na Sniezna Pantere) |
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Miscellaneous |
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1994 |
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Gazeta Wyborcza. |
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Russia; Ussr; skins; furs; pelts; poaching; trade; browse; Soviet-Union; soviet union; soviet; union; 3160; information; 920; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; skin |
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Full Text: In 1991, Dr Andrzej Kruszewicz of the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences saw a “quite fresh” snow leopard skin on sale by a Russian in a Warsaw market for three million Polish zlotys ($300). A few weeks later he saw another skin in a shop in the centre of Warsaw. In spring 1992, Marcin Waslawski from the Institute of Geography saw a snow leopard skin in the same market for the equivalent of $200. The seller was an Asian from a former Soviet Republic. In summer 1992, Wajrak himself saw a snow leopard skin in a hunters' shop in Warsaw and in winter saw one in the home of a Polish hunter, who said it was a gift from a Mongolian friend. In winter 1994, a student from Britain saw a Polish long coat of snow leopard skins in Bialowieza. Wajrak saw a skin in a Warsaw shop, which the owner said was 15-20 years old; he got it from a Polish diplomat who had been in Mongolia and had three snow leopard skins. The skin was priced at the equivalent of $1,000. Wajrak added that he had been told that it was possible to buy tiger skins from Russians in Poland and he was trying to find one; I have not heard from him since. |
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Information from Adam Wajrak of Gazeta Wyboracza (T: 48 2 416 920)
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SLN @ rana @ 268 |
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1002 |
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Wang, X.; Schaller, G.B. |
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Status of large mammals in Western Inner Mongolia, China |
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1996 |
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Journal of East China Normal University (Special Issue of Zoology) |
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93-104 |
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China; Mongolia; Inner-Mongolia; snow leopards; browse; inner; 2930 |
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SLN @ rana @ 292 |
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1003 |
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Wangchuk, T.R. |
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Snow Leopard: Its Management with Emphasis on Bhutan |
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1992 |
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Bhutan; management; browse; 2440 |
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Unpublished report. Date of Copyright: 1992 |
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SLN @ rana @ 195 |
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1006 |
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Ward, A.E. |
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Game animals of Kashmir and adjacent hill provinces |
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1921 |
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J.of Bombay Natural Historical Society. |
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23-35 |
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Kashmir; predator; prey; diet; blue-sheep; blue; sheep; browse; 3150 |
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comments that snow leopard may take blue sheep as prey |
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SLN @ rana @ 10 |
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1007 |
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Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A. |
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Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia |
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1997 |
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International Zoo Yearbook |
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35 |
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139-147 |
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breeding; captive-management; diet; enclosures; housing; husbandry; nutrition; veterinary-care; zoo; browse; veterinary; care; captive; management; 1290 |
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The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992, 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive-management survey is also given. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 331 |
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1018 |
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Wharton, D. |
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Endangered Species Update |
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1997 |
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Endangered Species Update |
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14 |
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11 |
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13 |
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Species-Survival-Plan; zoo; breeders; captivity; Asa; Ssp; browse; species survival plan; species; survival; plan; 1100; endangered; endangered species; endangered-species |
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The snow leopard is listed as endangered, although most of its high mountain habitat remains untouched. However the ability of humans to exploit wildlife has led to it being endangered. Serious attempts to keep snow leopards in captivity began in 1891, but it was not until the 1950s that cubs survived long enough to become breeders. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (ASA) Snow Leopard Species Survival Plan (SSP) was set up in 1984, achieving success with breeding goals. |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 335 |
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1019 |
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Author |
Wikramanayake, E.D. |
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Title |
Recommendations for Conservation Management of Jigme Dorji National Park |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1995 |
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conservation; management; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; Bhutan; protected-area; Jigme-Dorji; browse; protected; area; 2450 |
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Field Report submitted to Nature Conservation Section, RGOB, and WWF Bhutan Program.
Date of Copyright: 1995 |
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SLN @ rana @ 282 |
Serial |
1023 |
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Author |
Wildt, D.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Brown, J.; Monfort, S.; Howard, J.; Roth, T. |
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Title |
Spermatology for understanding, managing and conserving rare species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Reproduction Fertility and Development |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
811-824 |
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Assisted-Reproduction; Cryopreservation; reproduction; zoo; medical; veterinary; spermatology; genetics; browse; assisted; 1380 |
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Abstract |
Most conventional spermatology research involves common mammalian species including livestock, laboratory animals and humans. Yet, there are more than 4500 mammalian species inhabiting the planet for which little is known about basic reproductive biology, including sperm characteristics and function. This information is important, not just as adjunct knowledge, but because the majority of these species are threatened with extinction, largely due to human-induced pressures. The field of conservation is changing rapidly, and global cooperation is emerging among a variety of wildlife enthusiasts, ranging from management authorities of nature reserves to curators of rare zoological collections. Conservation progress depends on systematic, multidisciplinary research first to answer basic questions, with new data then applied to endangered species management plans. The reproductive physiologist is a crucial component of this scheme. Reproduction is the essence of species survival, and enormous effort needs to be directed at these 'untraditional' research species, subspecies and populations. Spermatology research combined with simultaneous efforts in endocrinology, embryology and cryopreservation (among others) can lead to the successful application of assisted reproduction. Examples from this laboratory include an array of wild felid species and a rare cervid and mustelid. Obstacles to success are formidable, including unique species-specificities, diminished genetic diversity and a general lack of resources. Nonetheless, the field offers tremendous opportunities for generating unique knowledge of comparative interest and with conservation utility. |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 278 |
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1024 |
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Author |
Woodroffe, R.; Ginsberg, J.R. |
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Title |
Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Science Washington D.C. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
280 |
Issue |
5372 |
Pages |
2126-2128 |
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Keywords |
edge-effects; extinction; human-animal-conflict; mortality; population-size; protected-areas; browse; edge effects; Human; Animal; conflict; population; protected; area; 590 |
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Theory predicts that small populations may be driven to extinction by random fluctuations in demography and loss of genetic diversity through drift. However, population size is a poor predictor of extinction in large carnivores inhabiting protected areas. Conflict with people on reserve borders is the major cause of mortality in such populations, so that border areas represent population sinks. The species most likely to disappear from small reserves are those that range widely-and are therefore most exposed to threats on reserve borders-irrespective of population size. Conservation efforts that combat only stochastic processes are therefore unlikely to avert extinction. |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 351 |
Serial |
1028 |
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Author |
Yanfa, L.; Huanwen, L. |
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Title |
A preliminary study on the rearing and breeding of ounce |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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6 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
93-99 |
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captivity; husbandry; zoos; breeding; reproduction; mating; rearing; browse; 3710; Chinese |
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China |
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Document Type: Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 96 |
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1045 |
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Author |
Yu, N.Z.C.; Wang, X.; He, G.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, A.; Lu, W.; Tang, F. |
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Title |
A revision of genus Uncia Gray, 1854 based on mitochondrial DNA restriction site maps |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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16 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
105-108 |
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taxonomy; uncia; panthera; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 1350; Chinese |
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Abstract |
The Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is one of the most threatened wild big cats within its range of distribution, however, the question of its systematic status is a matter of debate. Is it a member of genus Panthera, or is it in its own genus (Uncia)? The analysis of genetic difference at the DNA level may provide useful data to clarify the issue. In the present study, ten hexanucleotide-specific restriction endonucleases were used to evaluate the patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation between the Snow leopard and leopard (P. pardus). The molecular size of mtDNA from the two species was about 16.5 kb. Ten enzymes surveyed 32-34 restriction sites, which corresponded to 192 apprx 204 base pairs, or 1.16% apprx 1.24% of the total mtDNA molecule. A total of 45 restriction sites were mapped; of these sites, twenty-four, which correspond to 53.3% of the total sites, were variable. The sequence divergence between them was 0.075 33, which was undoubtedly in the species-level distinction but did not reach the genus level. Therefore, the Snow leopard should be placed in the genus Panthera rather than in its own ganus. It also seems reasonable to recognize Uncia as a valid subgenus. This conclusion not only support but also supplement the viewpoint of Simpson who treated Uncia as a subgenus within Panthera. |
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Document Type: Chinese |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 295 |
Serial |
1063 |
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Author |
Zhenhuang, S. |
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Title |
Economic Fauna of China |
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Book Whole |
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1964 |
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China; status; distribution; hunting; pelts; coats; bones; fur; browse; 3410 |
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Academia Sinica Press |
Place of Publication |
China |
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Chinese |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 19 |
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1077 |
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Author |
Zhirnov, L.; Ilyinsky, V. |
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Title |
The Great Gobi National Park – a refuge for rare animals of the Central Asian deserts |
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Book Whole |
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1986 |
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gobi; Mongolia; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; distribution; protected-area; browse; 2720 |
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Discusses snow leopard distribution in Great Gobi National Park |
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Centre for International Projects, GKNT |
Place of Publication |
Moscow |
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SLN @ rana @ 91 |
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1081 |
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Zong-Yi, W.; Sung, W. |
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Title |
Distribution and recent status of the Felidae in China |
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Conference Article |
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1986 |
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201-209 |
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Felidae; China; status; distribution; environment; browse; 910 |
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Thirteen of the 37 existing species of the family Felidae have been recorded in China. These species are widely distributed throughout the country and inhabit a variety of life zones. Over the past several decades, the populations of most species of cats in China have declined due to overharvest and habitat destruction. China has a Protected Wildlife Species List which was initiated in 1962. Some cat species in China are now endangered or may already be extinct while other species or subspecies are threatened. The authors use limited data on the distribution of cats in China to summarize the staus of each species and the problems facing each. Recomendations for new measures to protect cats in China are made. |
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D.S.Miller;.D.D.Everett |
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Title, Monographic: Cats of the World:Biology, Conservation, and Mangement
Place of Meeting: Kingsville, Texas
Date of Copyright: 1986
Call Number: 86-31185 |
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SLN @ rana @ 85 |
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1092 |
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Author |
Adil, A. |
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Title |
Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Afghanistan |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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35-38 |
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Afghanistan; conservation; status; Palang-i-Barfi; Hindu-kush; Pamir; Ajar; park; parks; reserve; reserves; refuge; hunting; poaching; skin; fur; pelt; coat; distribution; ibex; Marco-Polo; sheep; markhor; predator; prey; protected-area; marco; polo; hindu; kush; browse; 2460 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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English |
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Full Text Available at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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SLN @ rana @ 298 |
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34 |
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Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Marking in Wild Snow Leopards: A preliminary assesment |
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Miscellaneous |
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1987 |
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No. 13 |
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estrus; estrual-cycle; reserach; behavior; scrapes; sprays; Langu-Gorge; Langu; China; browse; 4800 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Seattle |
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English |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 467 |
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36 |
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Ahlborn, G.; Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Marking in Free-Ranging Snow Leopards in West Nepal: A preliminary assesment |
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1988 |
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25-49 |
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Nepal; sign; markings; scrapes; spray; scat; habitat; status; behavior; browse; 1630 |
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Describes and Quantifies snow leopard marking behaviour, based primarily on sign, gatherd during a four year study in Nepal. Emphasis is on scrapes and spray markings, detailing their frequency of occurence realtive to habitat characteristics and season. Both sexes mark intensively, sign abundance is associated with intensity of use, and sign is concentrated along breaks in terrain. |
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Snow Leopard Trust and the Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
H.Freeman |
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English |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Shrinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 102 |
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37 |
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Author |
Ahmad, A.; Rawat, J.S.; Rai, S.C. |
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Title |
An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Environmentalist |
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10 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
281-298 |
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environmental-assessment; human-impact; sustainable-development; management-guideline; ecological-degradation; mountain-ecosystem; impact-assessment; developing-country; asia; Himalayas; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; environmental; assessment; Human; impact; sustainable; development; management; guidline; ecological; degradations; mountain; ecosystem; 830 |
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The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors |
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English |
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SLN @ rana @ 145 |
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38 |
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