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	Author	Rosen, T. Hussain, S. Mohammad, G. Jackson, R. Janecka, J, E. Michel, S.
	Title	Reconciling Sustainable Development of Mountain Communities With Large Carnivore Conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Mountain Research and Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	32(3)	Pages	286-293
	Keywords	Carnivores; conflict; conservation; incentives; livestock; insurance scheme; community empowerment; Pakistan
	Abstract	While the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent, physically and culturally, the wildlife of remote mountain regions is being affected both positively and negatively by such interconnectedness. In the case of snow leopards, the conservation impact has been largely, and rather unexpectedly, positive: Species-focused conservation projects, such as Project Snow Leopard (PSL) in Gilgit-Baltistan, remain mainly externally driven initiatives. PSL, initiated as a small pilot project in 1998, has relied on an approach that includes the use of an insurance scheme, the deployment of mitigation measures, and the empowerment of local governance. This approach has been successful in reducing the conflict with snow leopards and has built greater tolerance toward them. PSL is managed by local communities and cofinanced by them. PSL communities throughout the region are bearing the burden of carnivore conservation, and they are unwittingly subsidizing their populations by ‘‘feeding’’ them their livestock even though they are an economic threat to them. In this article, we argue that external intervention in the form of efforts that help alleviate the consequences of conflict through local empowerment have had a positive impact on the local mountain societies. We also show that such interventions have resulted in tangible conservation results, with the number of snow leopards staying at least stable. Our experience also shows that while the incentive component is critical, it is also part of a larger approach—one that includes developing and supporting local governance structures, improving access to education, and offering a range of tools to reduce the conflict that can be implemented locally. Finally, we suggest that investing in this approach— one that recognizes the species and local-context complexities surrounding the implementation of conservation incentives—can continue to inform international practices and guidelines for reducing human–wildlife conflicts worldwide.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1387
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	Author	Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O.
	Title	Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Wildlife Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	18	Issue	10.2981/11-049	Pages	131-141
	Keywords	bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict
	Abstract	The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia. Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/ naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%, which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and predator.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1386
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	Author	Dickman, A., Macdonald, E., Macdonald, D.
	Title	A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human–carnivore coexistence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	PNAS	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	108	Issue	34	Pages	13937–13944
	Keywords	human-carnivore conflict, payments for ecosystem services
	Abstract	One of the greatest challenges in biodiversity conservation today is how to facilitate protection of species that are highly valued at a global scale but have little or even negative value at a local scale. Imperiled species such as large predators can impose significant economic costs at a local level, often in poverty-stricken rural areas where households are least able to tolerate such costs, and impede efforts of local people, especially traditional pastoralists, to escape from poverty. Furthermore, the costs and benefits involved in predator conservation often include diverse dimensions, which are hard to quantify and nearly impossible to reconcile with one another. The best chance of effective conservation relies upon translating the global value of carnivores into tangible local benefits large enough to drive conservation “on the ground.” Although human–carnivore coexistence involves significant noneconomic values, providing financial incentives to those affected negatively by carnivore presence is a common strategy for encouraging such coexistence, and this can also have important benefits in terms of reducing poverty. Here, we provide a critical overview of such financial instruments, which we term “payments to encourage coexistence”; assess the pitfalls and potentials of these methods, particularly compensation and insurance, revenuesharing, and conservation payments; and discuss how existing strategies of payment to encourage coexistence could be combined to facilitate carnivore conservation and alleviate local poverty.
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	Notes	http://www.pnas.org/content/108/34/13937			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1362
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	Author	Jackson, R., Ahlborn, G.G.
	Title	Appendix: Snow leopard managment recommendations provided to HMG in: Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I. Report: 1-7. Himalayan			Type	Report
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	action plan, CCT, conservation, Himalaya, human wildlife conflict, hunting, livestock, local participation, local people, management/protected
	Abstract	Preliminary recommendations for the management of snow leopard and its prey are provided for the Langu Valley segment of the Shey-Pkoksundo National Park. Park-wide and country-wide conservation options and management recommendations await results of the surveys scheduled for 1987. The following management objectives are formulated: 1) Protection and ultimate restoration of all natural communities within the area 2) Special protection measures for snow leopard and musk deer (strict control of hunting and livestock grazing) 3) Secure natural resources around local villages 4) Respect traditional rights of villagers, while controlling high impact human activities 5) Secure cooperation of local people. These objectives are refined and recommendations for concrete conservation actions are made. Notes: document is a part of the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1119
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	Author	Allen, P.; Macray, D.
	Title	Snow Leopard Enterprises Description and Summarized Business Plan			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow; leopard; enterprises; buisness; plan; habitat; humans; conflict; irbis; products; wool; conservation; marketing; Mongolia; social; economic; conflicts; country; countries; socks; hats; gloves; 4890; Human; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; central; Central Asia; asia; ecosystem; region; populations; population; herders; herder; threat; potential; impact; environment; Elements; landscape; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; snow-leopard-enterprises
	Abstract	The habitat for both humans and snow leopards in Central Asia is marginal, the ecosystem fragile. The struggle for humans to survive has often, unfortunately, brought them into conflict with the region's dwindling snow leopard populations. Herders commonly see leopards as a threat to their way of life and well-being. Efforts to improve the living conditions of humans must consider potential impacts on the environment. Likewise, conservation initiatives cannot ignore humans as elements of the landscape with a right to live with dignity and pride. Based on these principles, the International Snow Leopard Trust has developed a new conservation model that addresses the needs of all concerned. We call it Snow Leopard Enterprises..
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 475			Serial	68
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	Author	International Snow Leopard Trust
	Title	Villagers Release Captured Snow Leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	Snow Line	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1
	Keywords	Jamalabad; Pakistan; herders; livstock; Wwf; Khunjerab livestock; predation; conflict; Islt; browse; 4470
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Seattle	Editor
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	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 435			Serial	931
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	Author	Maheshwari, A., Sharma, D., Sathyakumar, S.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Panthera Uncia) surveys in the Western Himalayas, India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Ecology and Natural Environmnet	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue	10	Pages	303-309
	Keywords	Conflict, Himalayas, livestock depredation, prey, snow leopard, habitat, Uttarakhand.
	Abstract	We conducted surveys above 3000 m elevation in eight protected areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. These surveys provide new information on snow leopard in Uttarakhand on the basis of indirect evidence such as pugmark and scat. Snow leopard evidence (n = 13) were found between 3190 and 4115 m elevation. On an average, scats (n = 09) of snow leopard were found for every 56 km walked and pugmarks (n = 04) for every 126 km walked. Altogether, about 39% of the evidence were found on the hill-slope followed by valley floor (30%), cliff (15%) and 8% from both stream bed and scree slope. Genetic analysis of the scats identified three different individuals by using snow leopard specific primers. Snow leopard-human conflicts were assessed through questionnaire based interviews of shepherds from Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve areas of Uttarakhand. Surveys revealed that livestock depredation (mule, goat and sheep) is the only cause of snow leopard-human conflicts and contributed 36% of the diet of snow leopard. Blue sheep and rodents together comprised 36.4% of the total diet. We found that 68.1% of the surveyed area was used for pastoral activities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and 12.3% area was under tourism, defence and developmental activities.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1401
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	Author	Spearing, A.
	Title	The Snow Leopard in Zanskar, Jammu & Kashmir, NW India			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	snow; leopard; India; conflict; Human; livestock; herders; attitudes; opinions; population; trends; poaching; killing; illegal; conservation; programs; rural; co-existence; 5090
	Abstract	The paper summarises the alleged conflict between livestock herders and wild predators in the trans-Himalayan region of Zanskar, NW India. The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is seriously threatened by this conflict, with at least thirteen killed in the last seven years in 3 of the study villages alone. Results of snow leopard sign surveys are described, revealing significant increases since the last survey (1986) consistent with alleged increases in livestock depredation. Attitudes toward wildlife and opinions on population trends are assessed. Depredation hotspots are identified and the cost of livestock predation is discussed in terms of recent developments and social changes in the Zanskar region. Illegal hunting and retaliatory killing are described, and essential programs and conservation measures are suggested. Even at this early stage, there appears scope for raising rural incomes and lifting the burden of co-existence with snow leopard and other unique mountain fauna.
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Islt	Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 495			Serial	919
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	Author	Mishra, C.; Fitzherbert, A.
	Title	War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	38	Issue	1	Pages	102-105
	Keywords	Afghanistan; fur trade; human-wildlife conflict; hunting; Lynx; marco polo sheep; snow leopard; Wakhan; wolf; 5270
	Abstract	Prior to the last two decades of conflict, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor was considered an important area for conservation of the wildlife of high altitudes. We conducted an assessment of the status of large mammals in Wakhan after 22 years of conflict, and also made a preliminary assessment of wildlife trade in the markets of Kabul, Faizabad and Ishkashem. The survey confirmed the continued occurrence of at least eight species of large mammals in Wakhan, of which the snow leopard Uncia uncia and Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon are globally threatened. We found evidence of human-wildlife conflict in Wakhan due to livestock depredation by snow leopard and wolf Canis lupus. Large mammals are hunted for meat, sport, fur, and in retaliation against livestock depredation. The fur trade in Kabul is a threat to the snow leopard, wolf, lynx Lynx lynx and common leopard Panthera pardus.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 512			Serial	694
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	Author	McCarthy, T.
	Title	Snow Leopards in Mongolia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Mongolia; distribution; status; irbis; irbis-enterprises; herders; livestock; economy; conservation; gobi; habitat; Disease; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; hunting; poaching; skins; pelts; coats; furs; bones; trade; Macne; habitat-fragmentation; browse; enterprises; fragmentation; habitat fragmentation; 4090
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 383			Serial	662
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