Ming, M., Munkhtsog, B., Xu, F., Turghan, M., Yin, S. -jing, & Wei, S. - D. (2005). Markings as Indicator of Snow Leopard in Field Survey, in Xinjiang.
Abstract: The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) was a very rare species in China. The survey on the markings of Snow Leopard in Ahay and Tianshan Mountains is the major activity of the Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang, supported by International Snow Leopard Trust(ISLT)and Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF). During the field work from Sep to Nov 2004 the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) set 67 transects of a total length of 47 776 m with mean transect length is 7 1 3 m at 9 locations.Total of 1 l 8 markings of Snow Leopards were found in 27 transects the mean density is 247km. The markings of Snow Leopard included the pug marks or footprints, scrapes, feces, bloodstain, scent spray, urine, hair or fur, claw rake, remains of prey corpse, sleep site, roar and others. From the quantity and locations of marks the XSLG got the information on habitat selection distribution region and relative abundance of the Snow Leopard in the study areas. The survey also provided knowledge on distribution and abundance of major prey potential conservation problems and human attitudes to Snow Leopards by taking 200 questionnaires in the study areas.
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Mitropolskiy O.V. (1979). The Red Book of the USSR (Rare and endangered bird and animal species in Uzbekistan).
Abstract: Snow leopard is distributed in the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Fergana, Alai, Turkistan, and Hissar ridges. Though there is no precise data concerning number of snow leopard in Uzbekistan it is estimated to range from 15-20 to 50 animals.
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Moiseev V.A. (1988). Mountain nature.
Abstract: The snow leopard inhabits the upper belt of the Tien Shan, Hissar Alai and Pamir mountains. More often it hunts for wild ibexes. Irbis avoids meeting … man, and even wounded it rarely attacks him. At the beginning of spring … snow leopard gives birth to two-five cubs. It lives up to 21 years. The snow leopard is registered in the Red Data Book of USSR and IUCN Red List.
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Moiseev V.A. (1990). Snow leopard.
Abstract: Snow leopard inhabits in zones of alpine meadows and juniper forests. Main preys are ibexes and wild sheep. Irbis included in Red Data book of USSR.
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Molyukov M.I. (1989). Irbis.
Abstract: In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan.
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Naumov S.P. (1950). The cats – Felidae.
Abstract: Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Unci uncia, Felis silvestris, Felis ocreata, Felis †udtilur…, L¢no l¢no, A¤tŒn¢o jub…tus) is given. Snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle and Central Asia.
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Naumov S.P. (1973). The cats – Felidae.
Abstract: Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, D…nthera d…rdus, Unci uncia, Felis silvestris, Felis ocreata, Felis †udtilur…, L¢no l¢no, A¤tŒn¢o jub…tus) is given. Snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle and Central Asia.
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Naumov S.P. (1948). The cats – Felidae. Mountain regions of USSR.
Abstract: Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Leopardus (Pardus) pardus and Unci uncia) is given. In USSR snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle Asia and Altai.
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Norbu, U. P. (1997). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard In Bhutan. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 28–34). Lahore, India: International Snow Leopard Trust.
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Novikov G.A. (1956). Sub-genus UNCIA Gray.
Abstract: Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described.
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Ognev S.I. (1935). Uncia uncia Sch., 1778. Irbis or snow leopard (Vol. Vol.3.).
Abstract: It describes identification signs and taxonomy of genus Uncia Gray and the only representative of genus Uncia uncia Sch., 1778, distribution and some features of the species' biology. A habitat of snow leopard includes the mountains of Central Asia from Kopet-Dag and northern Iran to the east along the mountain systems of Pamir, Turkestan, Gilgit, Tibet, Himalayas before the country Kam. On the north, snow leopard is met in Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans, and further eastward to the Yablonoviy and Stanovoy ridges reaching the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1995). Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book.
Abstract: This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (2002). Genus irbis (Uncia Gray, 1854), irbis (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776). Terrain animals of Russia. Reference book identifier.
Abstract: It provides brief characteristics of terrain mammals in Russia: taxonomy, synonyms, principle features, distribution, habitat, biological features. Snow leopard is distributed in the mountains (from 800 to 5,000 m above sea level) of Central Asia Himalayas, Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan; in Russia the Altai, Tuva, southern Transbaikalia.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1998). Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR: additions.
Abstract: A full hierarchic system of mammal fauna in the USSR and CIS countries, list of synonyms, comments on taxonomy, and information about geographical distribution are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species U. uncia (Schreber, 1776) distributed in highlands (up to 5,000 m) of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis.
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Persianova L.A. (1983). Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775 (Vol. Vol. 1.).
Abstract: Status of snow leopard in Uzbek Red Data Book is rare species with reducing population. It provides data concerning distribution, habitats, biology, threats, and existing and required snow leopard protection measures in Uzbekistan. This species is distributed in the Kurama, Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. Its population is about 10 animals. There are two snow leopards in the Tashkent zoo. This species is protected in Zaamin, Kizilsu, Miraka, and Chatkal nature reserves.
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Pokrovskiy V.S. (1969). Mammals.
Abstract: The work presents a preliminary list of rare and endangered predatory and ungulate species. Snow leopard inhabits the mountain ridges of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and sometimes is met in the Altai and Tuva. Despite its habitat has not changed since recently, number of snow leopard is decreasing. Snow leopard population is reducing because this species is believed to be dangerous, as its skin is of high and sustainable demand, and because of high prices zoos will readily pay to buy snow leopards. Shepherds, local hunters and geologists hunt snow leopard.
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Pokrovskiy V.S. (1976). Snow leopard, or irbis.
Abstract: It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given.
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Poyarkov A.D. (1999). Irbis in south-western Tuva.
Abstract: In 1998, under the WWF Altai-Sayans ecoregion conservation program, traces of snow leopard were detected in the ridges of Tsaran-Shibetu and Shipshal. The density of vital activity traces is comparable with those in northern Mongolia.
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Qiseng, Y. (1994). Further Study on the Geographical Distribution and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Qinghai, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 73–78). Usa: Islt.
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Razmakhnin V.E. (1977). Siberian wild ibex.
Abstract: It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.
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Sapozhnikov G.N. (1976). Wild sheep in Tajikistan.
Abstract: The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii).
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Schaller, G. B., Tserendeleg, J., & Amarsana, G. (1994). Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia. In J.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 33–42). Usa: Islt.
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Sludskiy A.A. (1973). Snow leopard or irbis Pantera (Uncia) uncia Schreber (1776) (Vol. Vol. 34. Hunting mammals of Kazakhstan).
Abstract: A detailed description of the snow leopard habitat in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Pakistan, and India is given. Provided are data concerning its distribution and population size in the USSR, Kazakhstan and other neighbour countries, as well as its habitat, catching, and fur trade. Reduction of the snow leopard catching volumes for zoological trade to 10 or less animals is recommended to preserve the species; establish two new highland nature reserves; improve the management of snow leopard raising in captivity.
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Sludsky A.A. (1982). Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 (Vol. Vol. III, Part 2.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.
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Smirnov, M. N., Sokolov, G. A., & Zyryanov, A. N. (1990). The Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia Scherber 1776) in Siberia. Int.Nat.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards, 6, 9–15.
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