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Author |
Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Evaluation of Snow Leopard Sign Abundance in the Upper Indus Valley |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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66-74 |
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India; Ladakh; Jammu; Kashmir; transect; survey; habitat; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; field-study; marks; scrape; scrapes; spray; marking; behavior; tracks; autocad; predator; prey; ibex; blue-sheep; marmot; livestock; protected-area; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 2730 |
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Islt |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 307 |
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308 |
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Author |
Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Social Behavior in the Snow Leopards and its implications for captive management |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
1 |
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71-77 |
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social; behavior; captive; management; captivity; zoo; zoos; browse; 3600 |
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SLN @ rana @ 44 |
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314 |
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Author |
Frueh, R. |
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Title |
A note on breeding snow leopards at the Saint Louis Zoo |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1968 |
Publication |
Int.Zoo Yearbook |
Abbreviated Journal |
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8 |
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74-76 |
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Keywords |
zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; behavior; browse; 3620 |
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Abstract |
Breif comments on physical characteristics of the young, care and reproductive behavior of snow leopards |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 21 |
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327 |
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Author |
Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. |
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Title |
Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science |
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Volume |
11 |
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Pages |
74-83 |
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Keywords |
behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo |
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Abstract |
This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 915 |
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202 |
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Author |
Molyukov M.I. |
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Title |
Irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1989 |
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74-81 |
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Keywords |
Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian |
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Abstract |
In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 749 |
Serial |
703 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
76-95 |
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Keywords |
breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670 |
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Notes |
discusses monagamy in snow leopards |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 54 |
Serial |
819 |
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Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1992 |
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Pages |
76-80 |
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Keywords |
Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian |
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Abstract |
Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 616 |
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185 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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Volume |
1 |
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Pages |
78-103 |
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Keywords |
behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
Serial |
818 |
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Author |
Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Habitat Selection by a Snow Leopard in Hemis National Park, India |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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85-92 |
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Keywords |
habitat; Hemis; India; environemnt; behavior; homerange; home; range; movement; activity; kills; collars; browse; 4160 |
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Leif Blomqvist and Helesinki Zoo |
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Helsinki, Findland |
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L.Blomqvist |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow LeopardsPlace of Meeting: Alma-Ata, KazakstanDate of Copyright: 1990Series Volume ID: 6 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 211 |
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222 |
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Author |
Mallon, D.P. |
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Title |
A Further Report on The Snow Leopard in Ladakh |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1988 |
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89-97 |
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Ladakh; India; ecology; Protected-area-network; reserves; parks; refuge; habitat; field study; tracking; scrapes; marking; feces; behavior; status; distribution; browse; 1680 |
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A detailed knowledge of the ecology of a species is fundemental to the drawing up of effective conservation measures. One aim of the current project was to identify good areas of snow leopard habitatand evaluate them for possible inclusion in the Protected Area Network. Several good areas were surveyed and an outstanding area identified, and included in a report to the Chief Wildlife Warden. |
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Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
H.Freeman |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 118 |
Serial |
645 |
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Author |
Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Lewis, C.R. |
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Title |
Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone and frequency of sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
J Reprod Fertil |
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Volume |
98 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
91-95 |
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Animal; Animals; zoo; physiology; Carnivora; Estradiol; Blood; estrus; Female; Progesterone; Seasons; Sex; behavior; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; us; government; gov't; 490 |
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Abstract |
Serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals for six months, and correlated with daily behavioural observations in two adult female snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Three oestradiol peaks (> 21 pg ml-1; interval 3.6 weeks) were identified in a snow leopardess housed alone (two more were probably missed because of the weekly sampling schedule), and three oestradiol peaks were identified in a snow leopardess housed with a male as a breeding pair (interval 6 weeks). Daily frequencies of feline reproductive behaviour averaged 1.77 observations per observation period during weeks of high oestradiol and 0.62 during weeks of low oestradiol. Progesterone concentrations did not rise above baseline values (< 2 ng ml-1) in the isolated animal, but 6 weeks of high progesterone concentrations (4.9- 38.8 ng ml-1) was recorded in the paired snow leopardess following mating. No offspring were produced. Snow leopards were observed daily for an additional 4.5 years. Sexual behaviour peaks could be clearly identified from December through April, and average daily sexual behaviour scores were higher during these months than during the rest of the year. Intervals between sexual behaviour peaks for the isolated snow leopardess averaged 3.03 weeks. The sexual behaviour of the paired snow leopards decreased for 8-9 weeks following mating when no offspring were produced, and decreased for 13 weeks in one year when a single cub was born. |
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0022-4251 |
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Document Type: eng |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 204 |
Serial |
874 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1989 |
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100 p. |
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Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian |
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Abstract |
Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 702 |
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558 |
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Author |
O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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3 |
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Pages |
103-110 |
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Keywords |
behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1035 |
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733 |
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Author |
Aramov, B. |
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Title |
The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Gissarsky Nature Reserve |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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108-109 |
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Keywords |
breeding; diet; predator; prey; reserve; reserves; park; parks; refuge; livestock; marmot; goat; sheep; horse; ibex; habitat; Gissarsky; Tajikistan; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; behavior; wolves; Dogs; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; soviet; union; soviet union; 2820 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
Jackson, R. and A.A. |
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Notes |
Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad. PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 302 |
Serial |
95 |
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Author |
Flerov K.K. |
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Title |
Capra sibirica, Uncia uncia uncia Erxleben |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1935 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
115-120 |
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Keywords |
Tajikistan; wild ibex; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior.; 6690; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes identification signs of ibex and snow leopard; provides data concerning taxonomy, distribution and behavioral patterns of the both species. Snow leopard inhibits the mountains of Central Asia, Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans and southward to the Humalayas. In Tajikistan snow leopard is distributed in Pamir, and probably, along alpine strip of the ridges in northern Tajikistan. The sub-species status is not defined. It is known that the same type inhabits the area from the Sayans to Himalayas. Only in Tibet and highlands of Sychuan and Gansu lives a well-marked sub-species Uncia uncia uncioides Hodgson. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Tajikistan, their life and importance for man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 647 |
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278 |
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Author |
Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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117-120 |
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behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1029 |
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318 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Title |
Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778 |
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1961 |
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Vol. 3. |
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127-131 |
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Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian |
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It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates). |
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SLN @ rana @ 666 |
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412 |
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Author |
Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A. |
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Title |
Captive Management of the Snow Leopard |
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1994 |
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135-148 |
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zoos; captivity; captive; management; husbandry; diet; social; behavior; housing; habitat; breeding; status; distribution; parasites; vaccination; quarantine; Disease; medical; veterinary; medicine; ceasarean; hand-rearing; browse; hand rearing; hand; rearing; 3550 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 265 |
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1017 |
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Author |
Fox, J.L.; Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Observations of snow leopard stalking, killing and feeding behavior |
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1988 |
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Mammalia |
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52 |
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1 |
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137-140 |
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India; stalking; killing; feeding; behavior; observations; browse; 850 |
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Full Text at URLDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 99 |
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292 |
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Author |
Akimushkin I. |
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Snow leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1988 |
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139-140 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; number; food; behavior; reproduction; threats.; 6000; Russian |
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Snow leopard behavioral patterns, food preferences, and reproduction are described in a popular way. The population of snow leopard is defined to be 1,000 animals. A reason for the population decline is hunting for the sake of beautiful fur. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animal kingdom. Mammals or animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 579 |
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49 |
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Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
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Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology) |
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1977 |
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146-159 |
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sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology |
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Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior. |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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SLN @ rana @ 39 |
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864 |
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Author |
McVittie, R. |
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Title |
Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs |
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1978 |
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Applied-Animal-Ethology |
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4 |
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2 |
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159-168 |
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suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 |
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Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 37 |
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669 |
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Author |
Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. |
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Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements |
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1989 |
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National Geographic Res. |
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5 |
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161-175 |
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home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190 |
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SLN @ rana @ 140 |
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443 |
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Author |
Razmakhnin V.E. |
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Title |
Siberian wild ibex |
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1977 |
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164-175 |
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Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian |
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It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 783 |
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810 |
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Author |
Yanfa, L. |
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Title |
The care, breeding and diseases of snow leopards in Qinghai, China |
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1994 |
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167-175 |
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China; zoos; captivity; care; management; cages; cage; housing; behavior; reproduction; mating; courting; Pregnancy; birthing; estrus; development; medical; physiological; Disease; medicine; parasites; parasitism; respiratory; virulent; enteritis; browse; 3430 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 261 |
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1048 |
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