| Records |
| Author |
Jumaev T. |
| Title |
Fauna. Nature protection in mountains and nature reserves |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1989 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages  |
89-91 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; fauna; endemics; altitudinal zonality; nature reserves; human activity; snow leopard.; 7020; Russian |
| Abstract |
Uzbekistan's mountain fauna is characterized by the presence of species endemic to Central Asia, and species typical for Mediterranean, India, Afghanistan, the mountains of Central Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, and other neighbouring countries and regions. Of 300 mammals of the USSR, more than 120 inhabit mountains of Central Asia. More diverse is the bird fauna (500 species) and fish fauna. The mountain species are distributed according to the highland zoning. The fauna of highland zone is very peculiar: brown bear, snow leopard, ermine, weasel, wolf, Siberian ibex, argali, and marmot. The following species are under protection in the mountain nature reserves in Uzbekistan: Siberian ibex, roe-deer, Menzbier's marmot, stone marten, ermine, Turkistan lynx, Tien Shan brown bear, Severtsev's sheep, wild boar, marbled polecat, steppe cat, porcupine, snow leopard, otter, badger, long-tailed marmot, marchor, urial, etc. Development of the area resulted in disappearance of Caspian tiger and dhole. The endangered species are cheetah, North Persian leopard, striped hyena, houbara bustard; extremely endangered are Transcaspian urial, marchor, otter, black stock, etc. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mountains of Uzbekistan. Nature, Economy, Vocations. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 680 |
Serial |
508 |
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| Author |
Kolosov A.M. |
| Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis, – Felis uncia Schreb |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1961 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
89-90 |
| Keywords |
Ussr; snow leopard; systematic position; life-history; distribution; number; preys.; 7200; Russian |
| Abstract |
It describes appearance, distribution and behavioral patterns of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and the Altai and mainly feeds upon ungulates, and also snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. Number of snow leopards is very low. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology of commercial game animals in the USSR. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 698 |
Serial |
547 |
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| Author |
Nikolaevskiy A.G. |
| Title |
The Kyrgyz state nature park “Ala-Archa”. People's park of the Uzbek SSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
89-92 |
| Keywords |
Kyrgyzsatn; Ala-Archa national park; location; climate; soils; relief; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7750 |
| Abstract |
It provides general information about the Kyrgyz state nature park ®Ala-Archa", its physico-geographical features, relief, landscape zoning, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopard, Tien-Shan brown bear, ibex (more than 300 animals), porcupine, stone marten, ermine, and marmot, etc. are mentioned as the most interesting animals. |
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| Notes |
1950Journal Title: National parks. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 753 |
Serial |
720 |
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| Author |
Sobanskiy G.G. |
| Title |
The cat family. Snow leopard, or irbis |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
89-92 |
| Keywords |
Russia; Altai; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; number; preys.; 8200; Russian |
| Abstract |
In the Altai, there are three cat family species: snow leopard, lynx, and manul. Several tens of snow leopards inhabiting the area along river Argut and its tributaries remained in Altai. They are rarer met in south Altai along the Chikhachev, Shapshal, and Sailyughem ridges. They prey on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, and moral. They can also attack livestock but would never kill more than one animal. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game species of the mountainous Altai. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 798 |
Serial |
904 |
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| Author |
Kuznetzov B.A. |
| Title |
Felidae |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1948 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
Vol.13 (XXVIII) |
Issue |
|
Pages |
88-89 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7490; Russian |
| Abstract |
The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 727 |
Serial |
602 |
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| Author |
Moiseev V.A. |
| Title |
Mountain nature |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
86 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; preys; Red Data book; snow leopard.; 7680; Russian |
| Abstract |
The snow leopard inhabits the upper belt of the Tien Shan, Hissar Alai and Pamir mountains. More often it hunts for wild ibexes. Irbis avoids meeting … man, and even wounded it rarely attacks him. At the beginning of spring … snow leopard gives birth to two-five cubs. It lives up to 21 years. The snow leopard is registered in the Red Data Book of USSR and IUCN Red List. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature of Middle Asia in objective. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 746 |
Serial |
701 |
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| Author |
Shnitnikov V.N. |
| Title |
Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1934 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
Part. 1. South Kazakhstan. |
Issue |
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Pages |
86-88 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian |
| Abstract |
It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 792 |
Serial |
885 |
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| Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
| Title |
Snow leopard. Uncia uncia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
85-86 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian |
| Abstract |
In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 718 |
Serial |
584 |
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| Author |
Yanushevich A.I., T.Y.S. |
| Title |
Mountain animals |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1968 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
84-99 |
| Keywords |
Kyrgyzstan; highly mountain; insects; birds; mammals; snow leopard; life history.; 8620; Russian |
| Abstract |
Fauna of invertebrate and vertebrate species in highlands of Kyrgyzstan is described. Mammals are represented by ibex and mountain sheep, snow leopard, dhole, stone marten, Royle's mountain vole, picas, bear, grey and long-tailed marmot; birds are represented by black and griffon vultures, Egyptian vulture, snow-cocks, chukars, rose finch, swallows, swifts, etc. A brief description of their way of life is given. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kyrgyzstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 839 |
Serial |
1057 |
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| Author |
Bekenov A.B. |
| Title |
Fauna of mammals in the State National Nature Park “Altyn-Emel” |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Issue |
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Pages |
83-87 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; Altyn-Emel national park; mammals; endangered mammals; snow leopard.; 6230; Russian |
| Abstract |
Over 80 mammal species, nine of which are included in the Red Data Book (stone marten, marbled polecat, otter, manul, snow leopard, dziggetai, argali, bear), inhabit the State National Nature Park “Altyn-Emel”. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological studies in Kazakhstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 601 |
Serial |
128 |
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| Author |
Formozov A.N. |
| Title |
Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
83-84 |
| Keywords |
Migration; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6740; Russian |
| Abstract |
It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Snow cover in life of mammals and birds. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 652 |
Serial |
283 |
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| Author |
Shukurov E.J. |
| Title |
List of of species included in Red data Book of Republic of Kyrgyzstan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
83 |
| Keywords |
Kyrgyzstan; Red Data book; list of species; snow leopard.; 8160; Russian |
| Abstract |
It gives List of species included in Red data Book of Republic of Kyrgyzstan (1984). Totally 13 mammals including snow leopard listed in Kyrgyz Red data book. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Annals of nature in protected areas of Kyrgyz Republic. Metodical guide. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 794 |
Serial |
892 |
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| Author |
Zhirnov L.V. |
| Title |
Extinct mammals of the USSR fauna and their distribution over natural zones |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
83-84 |
| Keywords |
rare species; extinct species; desert; semi desert; mountain; highly mountain; Forest; forest-steppe; riverine forests; aquatic zone; snow leopard.; 8730; Russian |
| Abstract |
18 taxons of rare and endangered mammals of the USSR are distributed over natural zones such as deserts and semi-deserts including riverine forests and elevations; mountains and highlands; forests and forest-steppe; and offshore strips of closed seas. A majority of endangered species is associated with deserts and mountains of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Urgent issues of zoogeography. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 850 |
Serial |
1079 |
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| Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
| Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
82-98 |
| Keywords |
Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian |
| Abstract |
It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 772 |
Serial |
780 |
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| Author |
Foose, T.J. |
| Title |
A Species Survival PLan (SSP) for snow leopard, Panthera uncia: Genetic and demographic analysis and management |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
81-102 |
| Keywords |
analysis; demographic; International; management; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; Species-Survival-Plan; species survival plan; Ssp |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1028 |
Serial |
280 |
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| Author |
Aripjanov M.P. |
| Title |
Rare mammals of South-West Tien Shan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
80-81 |
| Keywords |
Uzbekistan; South-West Tien-Shan; rare species; snow leopard; population; species number; poaching; human activity.; 6040; Russian |
| Abstract |
Rare mammal species such as free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot (endemic to the Western Tien Shan), Tien-Shan brown bear, Central Asian otter, Turkestan lynx, snow leopard, and wild sheep inhabit the South-West Tien-Shan (Uzbekistan). Brief data on animal encounters and main threats are given. |
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| Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 583 |
Serial |
96 |
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| Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
| Title |
The Aksu Jabagly nature reserve |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
80-102 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 7420; Russian |
| Abstract |
It provides general information about the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve (Kazakhstan), its physico-geographical features, description of flora and fauna. The rarest predator of the nature reserve is snow leopard. Its population is about 10 pairs. Its distribution and behavioral patterns are correlated with its main prey ibex. In the past, snow leopard used to be a common species for the Talas Ala-Tau. Today its number has reduced. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 720 |
Serial |
586 |
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| Author |
Baidavletov R.J. |
| Title |
Large predators of the Kazakhstan Altai and their importance for hunting industry |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
79-81 |
| Keywords |
Kazakhstan; Altai; large predators; snow leopard; distribution; number; preys.; 6110; Russian |
| Abstract |
Fauna of large predatory mammals in the Kazakhstan Altai is represented by five species: wolf, bear, glutton, lynx, and snow leopard. Snow leopard inhabits the Sarymsakty and Tarbagai ridges and South Altai. This species is observed to regularly penetrate into the Kutun and Kurchum ridges. Its habitat covers an area of 1,800 sq. km, its population being 14-16 animals. The population density is 0.7 1.0 animals per 100 sq. km. A hunting area of a female animal with two cubs is 45 85 sq. km; a male 120 sq. km. Snow leopard main preys on ibex (41.1 percent), roe-deer (31.0 percent), and moral (13.8 percent); in summer on gray marmot (28.6 percent). Snow leopard is also known to prey on hares, birds, argali, and elks. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological studies in Kazakhstan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 590 |
Serial |
107 |
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| Author |
Ming, M., Munkhtsog, B., McCarthy, T., McCarthy, K. |
| Title |
Monitor ing of Population Density of Snow Leopard in X injiang |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment |
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| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
79-83 |
| Keywords |
Uncia uncia; snow leopard; monitoring method; trace; infrared camera; relative intensity |
| Abstract |
The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a very rare species in China. The survey of traces of snow leopard in Kunlun, Altay and Tianshan is them a instep of the Project of Snow Leopard in X injiang supported by the International Snow Leopard Trust ( SLT) and the Xinjiang Conservation Fund (XCF). During the field survey from 2004 to 2010, the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group ( XSLG) spent about 270 days in over 20 different places, covering over 150 transects totaling nearly 190 km, and found 1- 3 traces per kilometer. The traces of snow leopard recorded include dung, odor, chains of footprints, scraping, paw nail marks, lying mark, fur, urine, bloodstain, leftover of prey corpse, roaring and others. Based on tracer image analyses, the XSLG got to know primarily scopes of the domains, distribution and relative density of the snow leopard in these areas. Then the group began to take infrared photos, conducted survey of food sources of the leopards, investigated fur market and paths of trading, and cases of killing, and carry out civil survey through questionnaire, non government organization community service and research on conflicts between grazing and wild life protection. A total of 36 infrared came ras were laid out, working a total of about 2 094 days or 50 256 hours. A total 71 rolls of film were collected and developed, includ ing 32 clear pictures of snow leopards, thus making up a shooting rate or capture rate of 1.53%. It was ascertained that in Tomur Peak area, there were 5- 8 snow leopards roaming within a range of 250 km2, forming a population density of 2��0- 3��2 per 100 km2. After compar ing the various monitoring results, the advantages and limitations of different monitoring methods have been discussed. |
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Chinese |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1303 |
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| Author |
Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T. |
| Title |
Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard
(Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Zoo Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
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Pages |
78-85 |
| Keywords |
desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo |
| Abstract |
Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound. |
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no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 905 |
Serial |
196 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
78-103 |
| Keywords |
behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
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818 |
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| Author |
Laptev M.K. |
| Title |
The cats – Felidae |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1936 |
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Issue V. |
Issue |
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Pages |
77-82 |
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Turkmenistan; Kopet-Dag; Felidae; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7560; Russian |
| Abstract |
An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of Turkmenistan is given. The following features are used: colour, pattern, teeth formula, skull measurements, and sizes of body, head, and tail. The presence of snow leopard for Kopet-Dag is indicated. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of vertebrate species of Turkmen SSR. Mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 734 |
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612 |
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| Author |
Green, M. |
| Title |
A check-list and some notes concerning the mammlas of the Langtang National Park, Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
Publication |
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |
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78 |
Issue |
1 |
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77-87 |
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snow leopard, Langtang National Park, Nepal |
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English |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ |
Serial |
1227 |
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| Author |
Bogdanov O.P. |
| Title |
Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1992 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
76-80 |
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Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian |
| Abstract |
Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 616 |
Serial |
185 |
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| Author |
Esipov A.V. |
| Title |
Distribution and Numbers of the Siberian Ibex in the Hissar Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
76-78 |
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Uzbekistan; Hisssar nature reserve; wild ibex; distribution; number; predators; snow leopard.; 6640; Russian |
| Abstract |
It describes distribution and number of ibex in four parts of the Hissar nature reserve in Uzbekistan. The total number of ibex is estimated to be 1,500 animals. The natural enemies of ibex are snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Data about ibex's food, seasonal migrations, and threats are given. Decreasing forage reserve and poaching are considered as the most serious threats. A buffer zone is suggested to be established in the areas adjacent to Tajikistan and the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Necessity of nature protection in South Uzbekistan. |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 642 |
Serial |
258 |
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