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	Author	Moheb, Z., Fuller, T. K., Zahler, P. I.
	Title	Snow Leopard – human conflict as a conservation challenge – a review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Snow Leopard Reports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	11-24
	Keywords	Human wildlife conflict, conflict domains, mitigation schemes, Panthera uncia
	Abstract	Human conflict with large carnivores continues to be a great conservation challenge, and conflict with snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been studied to understand causes and propose mitigation schemes. While the nature of snow leopard-human conflict is similar in most cases, reported studies have been case- and area-specific with mitigation strategies not necessarily based on a synthesis of relevant literature. We reviewed snow leopard literature published from 1970-2020 to identify the main drivers of human-snow leopard conflict (HSLC) and describe conservation and conflict mitigation strategies commonly employed. Based on 47 relevant peer-reviewed articles, review papers, book chapters, project reports, and other grey literature, we identified four major conflict domains: livestock management-related, socio-economic/human-related, ecological, and policy-related. Most articles suggested more than one conflict mitigation scheme. Three conflict mitigation domains – preventive, supportive, and compensatory – were widely reflected in the snow leopard-human conflict literature. The most commonly reported mitigation schemes included: 1) building or predator-proofing corrals; 2) training shepherds and improving livestock guarding; 3) livestock insurance schemes; 4) compensation for livestock predation; 5) capacity building, education, and awareness programs; and 6) improved breeding and use of guard dogs. Future management efforts need to tailor their approach depending on cultural, economic, and ecological circumstances.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1708
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	Author	Nath, A.
	Title	Some observations on wildlife in the Upper Suru/Northern Zanskar/Markha Valley of Ladakh			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1982	Publication	International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	11-24
	Keywords	International; Ladakh; observations; pedigree; snow leopard; valley; wildlife
	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Helsinki Zoo	Place of Publication	Helsinki	Editor	Blomqvist, L.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1034			Serial	716
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	Author	Suryawanshi, K. R., Bhatia, S., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Redpath, S., Mishra, C
	Title	Multiscale Factors Affecting Human Attitudes toward Snow Leopards and Wolves			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Conservation biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	00	Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords	Canis lupus, carnivore, human–wildlife conflicts, Panthera uncia, wildlife acceptance
	Abstract	The threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between them difficult. Effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local residents toward the target species. There are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores, but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. Because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different scales of social organization, but this scale dependence has not been examined.We used structured interview surveys to quantitatively assess the attitudes of a Buddhist pastoral community toward snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus). We interviewed 381 individuals from 24 villages within 6 study sites across the high-elevation Spiti Valley in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. We gathered information on key explanatory variables that together captured variation in individual and village-level socioeconomic factors.We used hierarchical linear models to examine how the effect of these factors on human attitudes changed with the scale of analysis from the individual to the community. Factors significant at the individual level were gender, education, and age of the respondent (for wolves and snow leopards), number of income sources in the family (wolves), agricultural production, and large-bodied livestock holdings (snow leopards). At the community level, the significant factors included the number of smaller-bodied herded livestock killed by wolves and mean agricultural production (wolves) and village size and large livestock holdings (snow leopards). Our results show that scaling up from the individual to higher levels of social organization can highlight important factors that influence attitudes of people toward wildlife and toward formal conservation efforts in general. Such scale-specific information can help managers apply conservation measures at appropriate scales. Our results reiterate the need for conflict management programs to be multipronged.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1417
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	Author	Michel, S., Michel, T. R., Saidov, A., Karimov, K., Alidodov, M., Kholmatov, I.
	Title	Population status of Heptner’s markhor Capra falconeri heptneri in Tajikistan: challenges for conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year		Publication	Flora & Fauna International	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	Capra falconeri, CITES, community-based wildlife management, conservancies, hunting, markhor, sustainable use
	Abstract	Heptner’s markhor Capra falconeri heptneri is an Endangered wild goat occurring in disjunct populations in southern Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Surveys to determine the total population in Tajikistan were conducted during February–April 2012. A total of 1,018 animals were observed. In most areas, which include state protected areas and family- and communitybased conservancies, markhor populations are stable or increasing. Threats include illegal hunting, habitat degradation, competition with livestock and disease transmission. To motivate conservancies economically to protect markhor populations, trophy hunting should be permitted to accommodate the sustainable use of markhor, with revenues distributed in a transparent and equitably shared manner.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1437
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	Author	Rovero, F., Augugliaro, C., Havmoller, R. W., Groff, C., Zimmerman, F., Oberosler, V., Tenan, S.
	Title	Co-occurrence of snow leopard Panthera uncia, Siberian ibex Capra sibirica and livestock: potential relationships and effects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Altai mountains, camera trapping, human� wildlife conflict, Mongolia, occupancy, occurrence interactions, Siberian ibex, snow leopard
	Abstract	Understanding the impact of livestock on native wildlife is of increasing conservation relevance. For the Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia, wild prey reduction, intensifying human�wildlife conflicts and retaliatory killings are severe threats potentially exacerbated by the presence of livestock. Elucidating patterns of co-occurrence of snow leopards, wild ungulate prey, and livestock, can be used to assess the compatibility of pastoralism with conservation. We used camera trapping to study the interactions of livestock, Siberian ibex Capra sibirica and snow leopards in a national park in the Altai mountains, Mongolia. We obtained  detections of wild mammals and  of domestic ungulates, dogs and humans. Snow leopards and Siberian ibex were recorded  and  times, respectively. Co-occurrence modelling showed that livestock had a higher estimated occupancy (.) than ibex, whose occupancy was lower in the presence of livestock (.) than in its absence (.�. depending on scenarios modelled). Snow leopard occupancy did not appear to be affected by the presence of livestock or ibex but the robustness of such inference was limited by uncertainty around the estimates. Although our sampling at presumed snow leopard passing sites may have led to fewer ibex detections, results indicate that livestock may displace wild ungulates, but may not directly affect the occurrence of snow leopards. Snow leopards could still be threatened by livestock, as overstocking can trigger human�carnivore conflicts and hamper the conservation of large carnivores. Further research is needed to assess the generality and strength of our results.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1465
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	Author	Schutgens, M. G., Hanson, J. H., Baral, N., Ale, S. B.
	Title	Visitors’ willingness to pay for snow leopard Panthera uncia conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1 - 10
	Keywords	Carnivore conservation, contingent valuation, economic valuation, existence value, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, threatened species, wildlife policy
	Abstract	The Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia experiences persecution across its habitat in Central Asia, particularly from herders because of livestock losses. Given the popularity of snow leopards worldwide, transferring some of the value attributed by the international community to these predators may secure funds and support for their conservation. We administered contingent valuation surveys to  international visitors to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, between May and June , to determine their willingness to pay a fee to support the implementation of a Snow Leopard Conservation Action Plan. Of the %of visitors who stated they would pay a snow leopard conservation fee in addition to the existing entry fee, the mean amount that they were willing to pay was USD  per trip. The logit regression model showed that the bid amount, the level of support for implementing the Action Plan, and the number of days spent in the Conservation Area were significant predictors of visitors’ willingness to pay. The main reasons stated by visitors for their willingness to pay were a desire to protect the environment and an affordable fee. A major reason for visitors’ unwillingness to pay was that the proposed conservation fee was too expensive for them. This study represents the first application of economic valuation to snow leopards, and is relevant to the conservation of threatened species in the Annapurna Conservation Area and elsewhere.
	Address	http://snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Schutgensetal_2018.pdf
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1467
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	Author	Arias, M., Coals, P., Ardiantiono, Elves-Powell, J., Rizzolo, J. B., Ghoddousi, A., Boron, V., da Silva, M., Naude, V., Williams, V., Poudel, S., Loveridge, A., Payan, E., Suryawanshi, K., Dickman, A.
	Title	Reflecting on the role of human-felid conflict and local use in big cat trade			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Conservation Science and Practice	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	e13030	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	conflict, illegal trade, jaguar, leopard, lion, Panthera, snow leopard, tiger, wildlife crime
	Abstract	Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under-considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human-felid conflict, and “local” use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of “local” use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1745
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	Author	Underwood, R.
	Title	The snow leopard, and its association with the dawn of wildlife management in India			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords	Snow Leopard,wildlife management,colonial forestry,forest and land management
	Abstract	As part of a project looking at the history of ‘colonial forestry’ I have been studying forest and land management in India during the period from about 1860 to 1920. The subject is of interest because the forest conservation policies and management practices developed in India at that time later became a template for early forest policies and practices in Australia (where I have worked nearly all of my life as a forester), New Zealand, South Africa and the United States of America. An unexpected outcome of my research was to find that 19th and early 20th century Indian foresters were also deeply concerned about Indian wildlife, and that in their published writings on this issue can be discerned some of the earliest concepts of professional wildlife management. The outcome was unexpected because a notable aspect of forestry in India in the 19th century was the widespread love of hunting wild animals, or shikar, amongst officers of the Indian Forest Service. Sometimes this was done in the line of duty, a forester being called out to dispatch a rogue elephant or a man-eating tiger. But hunting was also regarded by many (especially those who had transferred from the Army into the Forest Service) as a sport, a contest between man and beast. And despite his firepower, it was a contest in which 19th century man did not always come out on top.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1392
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	Author	Bhatia, S., Suryawanshi, K., Redpath, S., Namgail, S., Mishra, C.
	Title	Understanding People's Relationship With Wildlife in Trans-Himalayan Folklore.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Frontiers in Environmental Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	595169	Pages	1-10
	Keywords	attitudes, culture, human-wildlife, narrative, stories, storytelling
	Abstract	People's views and values for wild animals are often a result of their experiences and traditional knowledge. Local folklore represents a resource that can enable an understanding of the nature of human-wildlife interactions, especially the underlying cultural values. Using archival searches and semi-structured interviews, we collected narratives about the ibex (Capra sibirica) (n = 69), and its predators, the wolf (Canis lupus) (n = 52) and the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) (n = 43), in Ladakh, India. We compared these stories to those of a mythical carnivore called seng ge or snow lion (n = 19), frequently referenced in local Tibetan Buddhist folklore and believed to share many of the traits commonly associated with snow leopards (except for livestock depredation). We then categorized the values along social-cultural, ecological and psychological dimensions. We found that the ibex was predominantly associated with utilitarianism and positive symbolism. Both snow leopard and wolf narratives referenced negative affective and negative symbolic values, though more frequently in the case of wolves. Snow leopard narratives largely focused on utilitarian and ecologistic values. In contrast, snow lion narratives were mostly associated with positive symbolism. Our results suggest that especially for snow leopards and wolves, any potentially positive symbolic associations appeared to be overwhelmed by negative sentiments because of their tendency to prey on livestock, unlike in the case of the snow lion. Since these values reflect people's real and multifarious interactions with wildlife, we recommend paying greater attention to understanding the overlaps between natural and cultural heritage conservation to facilitate human-wildlife coexistence.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1632
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	Author	Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., Lama, R.P., Aryal, A., Dhakal, M.
	Title	Local attitudes to the proposed translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Fauna & Flora International	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-7
	Keywords	Attitudes, blue sheep, human&wildlife conflict, Panthera uncia, Pseudois nayaur, Sagarmatha National Park, snow leopard, translocation
	Abstract	Translocations are an important tool for the conservation of biodiversity, but although ecological feasibility studies are frequently conducted prior to implementation, social feasibility studies that consider how local communities perceive such projects are less common. The translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, has been proposed, to reduce livestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia by providing an alternative prey base in addition to the small population of Himalayan thar Hemitragus jemlahicus. This study used systematic sampling, a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interviews within the Park to provide data on the social viability of the proposed translocation. Quantitative analysis revealed moderate levels of support but qualitative analysis suggested that there are significant concerns about the proposal. In addition,multiple regression analysis found that women and livestock owners were significantly less supportive, although the model had low explanatory power. Potential crop damage and competition for forage were frequently cited as concerns, especially amongst those with a high level of dependence on natural resources. Given the mixed response to the proposed translocation of blue sheep to the Everest region, alleviating the reservations of local residents is likely to be key to any further consultation, planning or implementation.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1475
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