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Author Sundberg, J.P.; Van Ranst, M.; Montali, R.; Homer, B.L.; Miller, W.H.; Rowland, P.H.; Scott, D.W.; England, J.J.; Dunstan, R.W.; Mikaelian, I.; Jenson, A.B. url 
  Title Feline papillomas and papillomaviruses Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Vet Pathol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages (up) 1-10  
  Keywords Animal; Antibodies; Monoclonal; Carnivora; pathology; virology; Cats; Dna; Viral; chemistry; Epitope; Mapping; veterinary; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Lions; Male; Microscopy; Electron; Papilloma; Papillomavirus; Papovaviridae; Infections; skin; neoplasms; Tongue; browse; 120  
  Abstract Papillomaviruses (PVs) are highly species- and site-specific pathogens of stratified squamous epithelium. Although PV infections in the various Felidae are rarely reported, we identified productive infections in six cat species. PV-induced proliferative skin or mucous membrane lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical screening for papillomavirus-specific capsid antigens. Seven monoclonal antibodies, each of which reacts with an immunodominant antigenic determinant of the bovine papillomavirus L1 gene product, revealed that feline PV capsid epitopes were conserved to various degrees. This battery of monoclonal antibodies established differential expression patterns among cutaneous and oral PVs of snow leopards and domestic cats, suggesting that they represent distinct viruses. Clinically, the lesions in all species and anatomic sites were locally extensive and frequently multiple. Histologically, the areas of epidermal hyperplasia were flat with a similarity to benign tumors induced by cutaneotropic, carcinogenic PVs in immunosuppressed human patients. Limited restriction endonuclease analyses of viral genomic DNA confirmed the variability among three viral genomes recovered from available frozen tissue. Because most previous PV isolates have been species specific, these studies suggest that at least eight different cat papillomaviruses infect the oral cavity (tentative designations: Asian lion, Panthera leo, P1PV; snow leopard, Panthera uncia, PuPV-1; bobcat, Felis rufus, FrPV; Florida panther, Felis concolor, FcPV; clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, NnPV; and domestic cat, Felis domesticus, FdPV-2) or skin (domestic cat, F. domesticus, FdPV-1; and snow leopard, P. uncia, PuPV-2).  
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  ISSN 0300-9858 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 385 Serial 948  
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Author Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. url 
  Title Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 1-10  
  Keywords browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya  
  Abstract Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.  
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  Publisher Springer-Verlag Place of Publication Online Editor  
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  Notes This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1062 Serial 951  
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Author Suryawanshi, K.R. url 
  Title Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report Type Report
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 1-43  
  Keywords project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya  
  Abstract Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.  
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  Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1077 Serial 952  
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Author D'Arcy, P.   
  Title Endangered species being slaughtered in Russia's far east: WWF Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 2  
  Keywords Russia; economic; herders; livestock; poaching; hunting; predator; prey; herder; browse; 1010  
  Abstract The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on Saturday accused Russia's far eastern regions of slaughtering endangered species for trade or to protect livestock, the Interfax news agency reported. The international organisation's Moscow branch told the news agency that it could no longer afford the cost of sending out teams of rangers to protect snow leopards from “revenge killing” and poaching.  
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  Notes Journal Title: Agence France-Presse Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 374 Serial 230  
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Author Koshkarev, E.P. url 
  Title Range Structure, Numbers and Population Status of the Snow Leopard in the Tien Shan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1992 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume x Issue 2 Pages (up) 2-6  
  Keywords Tian-Shan; surveys; status; distribution; density; Pamir; habitat; browse; Tien-Shan; 4690  
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  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
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  Notes Translated by Marina Proutkina and Kathleen Braden Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 456 Serial 575  
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Author Bhatnagar, Y.V.; Stakrey, R.W.; Jackson, R. url 
  Title A Survey of Depredation and Related Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Hemis National Park, Ladakh (India) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2000 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume xvi Issue Pages (up) 3  
  Keywords Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; conflicts; herders; livestock; predator; prey; grazing; ungulates; economics; Hemis; browse; 4430  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
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  Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snowline Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 431 Serial 136  
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Author Fox, J.L. url 
  Title Snow leopard conservation in the wild – a comprehensive perspective on a low density and highly fragmented population Type Conference Article
  Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 3-15  
  Keywords conservation; habitat; distribution; range; tibetan-plateau; Himalaya; Taklimakan-desert; Karakoram; Hindu-kush; Pamir; Kun-Lun; Tien-Shan; Altay; Cites; status; Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; protected-area; parks; park; reserve; refuge; research; management; kazakstan; browse; tibetan; plateau; taklimakan; desert; hindu; protected; area; 2630  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.Fox; J.Du  
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  Notes Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 216 Serial 304  
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Author Green, M.J.B. url 
  Title Protected Areas and Snow Leopards: Their Distribution and Status Type Conference Article
  Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 3-19  
  Keywords Central Asia; asia; status; distribution; protected-areas; parks; refuge; reserves; browse; 1620  
  Abstract Considerable efforts have been devoted to conserving the snow leopard Panthera uncia in recent years, but progress has inevitably been slow due to the difficulties of studying a sparsely distributed, secretive and endangered species in often isolated mountainous terrain. Although knowledge about the species overall distribution in the highlands of Central Asia still remains fragmenatry, it is important to briefly examine all the available information in order to review measures taken to date to conserve the species through the protected areas network. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution and status of protected areas inhabited or visited by snow leopard in relation to the species' distribution and highlight deficiences in the present network.  
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  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman  
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  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, India Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 116 Serial 348  
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Author Inayat, S.; Khan, A. url 
  Title Identifying Womens Roles in Snow Leopard Conservation Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume xvi Issue Pages (up) 3  
  Keywords Pakistan; conservation; surveys; women; Gender; livestock; awareness; browse; 4480  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
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  Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 436 Serial 403  
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Author Jackson, P. url 
  Title The Snow Leopard: A Flagship for Biodiversity in the Mountains of Central Asia Type Conference Article
  Year 1997 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages (up) 3-7  
  Keywords Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; kazakstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; ecology; distribution; parks; park; reserve; status; refuge; habitat; herders; biodiversity; herder; livestock; prey; protected-area; Kazakhstan; protected; area; browse; 2030  
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  Publisher Allied Press Place of Publication Lahore, Pakistan Editor R.Jackson  
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  Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 314 Serial 429  
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