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Koshkarev E.P. (1989). Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection.
Abstract: Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.
Keywords: Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). Preservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species.
Abstract: The rare species are protected in six nature reserves in Kazakhstan, including 9 mammals, 29 birds, and one reptile species. More than 20 rare and endangered species inhabiting Kazakhstan cannot be met within the nature reserves. The point is to establish a network of state nature reserves, particularly in steppe and desert area of the country.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; gene pool; rare species; mammals; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard; rodents; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes.; 7360; Russian
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe.
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Aizin B.M. (1969). Siberian ibex Capra sibirica Pall.
Abstract: It describes status of ibex in Kyrgyzstan, its distribution, behavioral patterns, enemies and competitors, etc. The enemies of ibex are snow leopard and wolf. All year round snow leopard preys on ibex its main food object and, therefore, should there be ibexes, snow leopards would be somewhere around. In winter, a considerable number of ibex dies from wolves. Sometimes dogs prey on ibex, too. Golden eagles and bearded vultures prey on young ibexes. However, poachers remain the most dangerous enemy.
Keywords: Kyrgyzsatn; Siberian ibex; distribution; life history; diet; predators; snow leopard.; 5890; Russian
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Koshkarev E.P. (1990). Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects (Vol. Part. 1.).
Abstract: The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures.
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Kovshar A.F. (2001). About representativeness of terrain vertebrate fauna in the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve for the whole West Tien Shan region (Vol. Vol.8.).
Abstract: Mammals inhabiting the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve make up 79.6 percent of the whole mammal fauna of the West Tien Shan. The following endangered species live in the area: argali, brown bear, dhole, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, stone marten, porcupine, and free-toiled bat. Snow leopard deserves a special attention.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7380; Russian
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Sokov A.I. (1976). About rare carnivores of Tajikistan.
Abstract: The data on distribution of 10 species of rare carnivores in Tajikistan are given. Uncia uncia uncia inhabits in high mountain regions of Central Tajikistan and Mountain-Badakhshan province. Tajikistan has banned the hunting of snow leopard since 1968. Author proposes to establish of nature reserves in Eastern Pamir in Aksay and Modur, in basin of Istyk river as well as in area from Matcha village to Zeravshan glacier including Southern Turkestan ridge and Northern Zeravshan ridge for purpose of snow leopard conservation.
Keywords: Tajikistan; Pamir; conservation; rare species; carnivores; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 8210; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1987). Genus Snow leopard Uncia gray, 1854.
Abstract: It provides data concerning biology, distribution and use game and commercial mammal species in Uzbekistan, and recommends on ways of hunting and initial fur-skin processing. It also describes the matter of conservation and rehabilitation of rare species' populations. From 1930-s to 1960-s over 20 snow leopard skins were reported to be traded officially.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; mammals; game species; biology; distribution; practical use; conservation measures.; 6940; Russian
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Kolosov A.M. (1975). Central Asia.
Abstract: It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
Keywords: Central Asia; mountain system; species composition; distribution; number; habitats; rare species; endemics; game species; mammals; snow leopard.; 7190; Russian
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Ammosov, B. (1973). Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry.
Keywords: Central Asia; natural zones; snow leopard; distribution; habitats; number; trade.; 6010; Russian
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Heiz A.V. (1983). Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and its protection (Vol. 3).
Abstract: In the year 1970, the quantity of snow leopards in Kyrgyzstan was defined as 1,300 animals, while in the years to follow 1,600 animals were recorded. A snow leopard population has significantly decreased since recently because of intense extermination of snow leopard's prey ungulates, particularly ibex. In some areas of the Kyrgyz ridge livestock is growing in number thus affecting snow leopard population. It is extremely rare that snow leopard would attack livestock. Snow leopards can be caught under special license. Educational and awareness work among shepherds and hunters residing in the mountainous area of the country needs to be improved.
Keywords: Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; number; decline; mountain ungulates; livestock; hunting; propaganda; protection.; 6870; Russian
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Kuznetzov B.A. (1948). The cat family. The province of Central Asia mountains. The West Tien Shan area.
Abstract: It provides description of geographical distribution, habitats, behavior, and food of the cat family species in Kyrgyzstan (tiger, snow leopard, lynx, manul). It also provides zoogeographical description of Kyrgyzstan (zoogeographical zoning, landscape, fauna complexes), and zoning of Central Asia's mountainous areas. Snow leopard is met in the East Tien Shan, West Tien Shan, East Pamir, and Tajikistan mountainous areas. In Kyrgyzstan, snow leopard is distributed in highlands of the Talas Ala-Tau. Terskey Ala-Tau, Kyrgyz, Fergana, Alai and Zaalai ridges.
Keywords: Kyrgyzstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7500; Russian
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Prokopov K.P. (1990). Taxonomic list of mammal fauna of eastern Kazakhstan (Vol. Vol. I.).
Abstract: During the period 1965 through 1988, studies were conducted in the north-east of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan's Altai, Zaisan depression, Saur-Tarbagatai) and list of mammals (104 species) for the area made.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; Altai; Zaisan valley; Saur-Tarbagatai; mammals; snow leopard.; 7990; Russian
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Volozheninov N.N. (1986). Ecology of some mammals in western part of the Hissar ridge.
Abstract: Additional data on Lepus tolai, Ochotona rutila, Citellus relictus, Marmota caudata, Sus scrofa, Capra sibirica in western part of the Hissar ridge, Uzbekistan, is given here based on materials of the years 1978-1983. Information about distribution of these species, their numbers, food, enemies, and other ecologic issues is provided. Capra sibirica is a principle species snow leopard preys on. In 1899 1983, the authors recorded more than 20 cases of snow leopards' killing ibex of different ages.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Hissar ridge; number; diet; enemies; preys; Siberian ibex; snow leopard.; 8510; Russian
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(2002). Special protected areas (nature reserves, natural and national parks, zakazniks, natural monuments).
Abstract: The list and brief description of existing protected areas of Uzbekistan are given. The snow leopard recorded in Chatkal and Hissar nature reserves.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; protected areas; snow leopard.; 8320; Russian
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Zhirnov L.V. (1978). Rare and endangered species of the USSR.
Abstract: A description of snow leopard number, distribution, reproductive biology, death reasons, and conservation measures in the USSR, where northern and north-western border of its habitat runs, is given. The population of snow leopard in the USSR is 500 1,000 animals. In the Inner Tien Shan, 400 snow leopards were caught 1936 through 1970. The maximum of 120 skins was purchased in Pamir in 1956 1958. Population of snow leopard directly correlates with population of ibex, a fact being verified by data collected on a long-term basis. Moreover, snow leopard was for a long time considered as a harmful animal, shooting of which was encouraged by premiums and resulted in reduction of snow leopard population.
Keywords: Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; practical use.; 8740; Russian
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1987). Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR.
Abstract: The reference book on taxonomy of modern mammals in the USSR provides classification from order to species, list of synonyms for all taxons, and indicates types and typical habitats, and places of storage of typical exhibits. Fauna of the USSR has one species of genus Uncia Grey, 1854 Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776).
Keywords: Ussr; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7830; Russian
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1998). Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR: additions.
Abstract: A full hierarchic system of mammal fauna in the USSR and CIS countries, list of synonyms, comments on taxonomy, and information about geographical distribution are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species U. uncia (Schreber, 1776) distributed in highlands (up to 5,000 m) of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis.
Keywords: Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7850; Russian
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Dustov J. (2002). Evaluation of current status of large mammals in the Chatkal nature reserve.
Abstract: The counts of species populations such as Menzbier's marmot, roe-deer, ibex, wild boar, wolf, Tien Shan brown bear, and snow leopard has been made on permanent transects in the Chatkal reserve for 18 years. Data on of the population numbers is provided. 11 encounters with snow leopard were registered during a period of 1975 through 1979. Two encounters were recorded in 2000.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 6510; Russian
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Jumaev T. (1989). Fauna. Nature protection in mountains and nature reserves.
Abstract: Uzbekistan's mountain fauna is characterized by the presence of species endemic to Central Asia, and species typical for Mediterranean, India, Afghanistan, the mountains of Central Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, and other neighbouring countries and regions. Of 300 mammals of the USSR, more than 120 inhabit mountains of Central Asia. More diverse is the bird fauna (500 species) and fish fauna. The mountain species are distributed according to the highland zoning. The fauna of highland zone is very peculiar: brown bear, snow leopard, ermine, weasel, wolf, Siberian ibex, argali, and marmot. The following species are under protection in the mountain nature reserves in Uzbekistan: Siberian ibex, roe-deer, Menzbier's marmot, stone marten, ermine, Turkistan lynx, Tien Shan brown bear, Severtsev's sheep, wild boar, marbled polecat, steppe cat, porcupine, snow leopard, otter, badger, long-tailed marmot, marchor, urial, etc. Development of the area resulted in disappearance of Caspian tiger and dhole. The endangered species are cheetah, North Persian leopard, striped hyena, houbara bustard; extremely endangered are Transcaspian urial, marchor, otter, black stock, etc.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; fauna; endemics; altitudinal zonality; nature reserves; human activity; snow leopard.; 7020; Russian
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Kolosov A.M. (1961). Snow leopard, or irbis, – Felis uncia Schreb.
Abstract: It describes appearance, distribution and behavioral patterns of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and the Altai and mainly feeds upon ungulates, and also snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. Number of snow leopards is very low.
Keywords: Ussr; snow leopard; systematic position; life-history; distribution; number; preys.; 7200; Russian
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Sobanskiy G.G. (1988). The cat family. Snow leopard, or irbis.
Abstract: In the Altai, there are three cat family species: snow leopard, lynx, and manul. Several tens of snow leopards inhabiting the area along river Argut and its tributaries remained in Altai. They are rarer met in south Altai along the Chikhachev, Shapshal, and Sailyughem ridges. They prey on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, and moral. They can also attack livestock but would never kill more than one animal.
Keywords: Russia; Altai; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; number; preys.; 8200; Russian
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Kuznetzov B.A. (1948). Felidae (Vol. Vol.13 (XXVIII)).
Abstract: The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7490; Russian
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Moiseev V.A. (1988). Mountain nature.
Abstract: The snow leopard inhabits the upper belt of the Tien Shan, Hissar Alai and Pamir mountains. More often it hunts for wild ibexes. Irbis avoids meeting … man, and even wounded it rarely attacks him. At the beginning of spring … snow leopard gives birth to two-five cubs. It lives up to 21 years. The snow leopard is registered in the Red Data Book of USSR and IUCN Red List.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; distribution; habitats; preys; Red Data book; snow leopard.; 7680; Russian
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Shnitnikov V.N. (1934). Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals (Vol. Part. 1. South Kazakhstan.).
Abstract: It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian
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