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Miller, D. J., & Jackson, R. (1994). Livestock and Snow Leopards:making room for competing users on the Tibetian Plateau. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 315–328). Usa: Islt.
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Ahmad, A. (1994). Protection of Snow Leopards through Grazier Communities:Some Examples from WWF-Pakistan's Projects in the Northern Areas. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 265–272). Usa: International Snow Leopard Trust.
Abstract: Snow leopards occur near the snow line in northern Pakistan in the districts of Swat, Dir and Chitral of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Muzaffarabad district in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit and Baltistan districts in the Northern Areas. Although a number of protected areas are present in the form of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves (Table 1) where legal protection is available to all wildlife species, including snow leopards, the status of this endangered species is not improving satisfactorily. The reasons are many and range from direct persecution by livestock owners to the less than strict management of protected areas.
Because of remote and inaccessible locations and lack of proper communication with local communities, government officials and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with conservation find it difficult to obtain statistics on mortality of snow leopards. However, the killing of snow leopards is not uncommon. Because of the close and long-term association between local villagers and snow leopards, it is only through the support and cooperation of these peoples that protection of this endangered species can be assured against most of the existing threats. The effects of such cooperation has been clearly shown through some of the conservation projects of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Pakistan. Details of such projects and certain lessons that can be learned from these and similar projects are discussed in this paper.
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Freeman, H., Jackson, R., Hillard, R., & Hunter, D. O. (1994). Project Snow Leopard: a multinational program spearheaded by the International Snow Leopard Trust. In J.L.Fox, & D. Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 241–245). Usa: Islt.
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Nowell, K. (1997). Markets for Snow Leopard Products. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 218–221). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Osborne, B. C., Mallon, D. P., & Fraser, S. J. R. (1983). Ladkh, threatened stronghold of rare Himalayan mammals. Oryx, 17, 182–189.
Abstract: Reports the results of seven visits to Ladakh over past five years. The snow leopard occurs throughout Ladakh but is not common. Livestock are often taken in winter. At least five snow leopards were shot in the Suru Valley over the past five years. The pelt is worth about $350 in Srinagar.
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Ferguson, D. A. (1997). International Cooperation for Snow Leopard and Biodiversity Conservation: The Government Perspective. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 178–193). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Xinchun, M. (1994). Distribution in the wild and the captive raising of snow leopards in Xinjiang, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 157–162). Usa: Islt.
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Bangjie, T., & Bingxing, Q. (1994). The Status and Problems of Snow Leopards in Captivity in China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 149–156). Usa: Islt.
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Ahmad, A. (1997). Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Northern Pakistan. In R.Jackson and A.Ahmad (Ed.), (pp. 148–154). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Helman, R. G., Russell, W. C., Jenny, A., Miller, J., & Payeur, J. (1998). Diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction (Vol. 10).
Abstract: The incidence of tuberculosis in zoological animal collections is low, and the disease is monitored through skin testing primarily in primates and artiodactylids.15,16 Other exotic animals are clearly at risk; tuberculosis has been described in elephants (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis), rhinoceros (M. bovis), felids (M. bovis), foxes (M. bovis), birds (M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis), and reptiles, amphibians, and fish (cryophilic Mycobacterium species). 1,2,4,6,8-10,13,14,17 Mycobacterial infections in mammals and birds serve as a potential source of disease that can spread to other animals and to humans.7,15,16 In humans, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis are the most important mycobacteria in the USA.
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Jackson, R., Zongyi, W., Xuedong, L., & Yun, C. (1994). Snow Leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve of Tibet Autonomous Region. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 85–95). Usa: Islt.
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Oli, M. K. (1994). Snow leopards and local human population in a protected area: a case study from the Nepalese Himalaya. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 51–64). Usa: International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington.
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Dhungel, S. (1994). Conservation of the Snow Leopard in Nepal. In J. L. Fox, & D. Jezing (Eds.), (pp. 47–50). Usa: Islt.
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Tserendeleg, J. (1994). On Protection and Survey of Snow Leopards in Mongolia. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 43–46). Usa: Islt.
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Adil, A. (1997). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Afghanistan. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 35–38). Lahore, Pakistan: International Snow Leopard Trust.
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Buzurukov, A., & Muratov, R. (1994). Snow Leopard Conservation Tajikistan. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 29–32). Usa: Inst.
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Smirnov, M. N., Sokolov, G. A., & Zyryanov, A. N. (1990). The Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia Scherber 1776) in Siberia. Int.Nat.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards, 6, 9–15.
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Koshkarev, E. (1994). Poaching in Former USSR (Vol. xii). Seattle: International Snow Leopard Trust.
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Barnes, L. J. (1989). The Overt Illegal Fur Trade in Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Sundberg, J. P., Van Ranst, M., Montali, R., Homer, B. L., Miller, W. H., Rowland, P. H., et al. (2000). Feline papillomas and papillomaviruses. Vet Pathol, 37(1), 1–10.
Abstract: Papillomaviruses (PVs) are highly species- and site-specific pathogens of stratified squamous epithelium. Although PV infections in the various Felidae are rarely reported, we identified productive infections in six cat species. PV-induced proliferative skin or mucous membrane lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical screening for papillomavirus-specific capsid antigens. Seven monoclonal antibodies, each of which reacts with an immunodominant antigenic determinant of the bovine papillomavirus L1 gene product, revealed that feline PV capsid epitopes were conserved to various degrees. This battery of monoclonal antibodies established differential expression patterns among cutaneous and oral PVs of snow leopards and domestic cats, suggesting that they represent distinct viruses. Clinically, the lesions in all species and anatomic sites were locally extensive and frequently multiple. Histologically, the areas of epidermal hyperplasia were flat with a similarity to benign tumors induced by cutaneotropic, carcinogenic PVs in immunosuppressed human patients. Limited restriction endonuclease analyses of viral genomic DNA confirmed the variability among three viral genomes recovered from available frozen tissue. Because most previous PV isolates have been species specific, these studies suggest that at least eight different cat papillomaviruses infect the oral cavity (tentative designations: Asian lion, Panthera leo, P1PV; snow leopard, Panthera uncia, PuPV-1; bobcat, Felis rufus, FrPV; Florida panther, Felis concolor, FcPV; clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, NnPV; and domestic cat, Felis domesticus, FdPV-2) or skin (domestic cat, F. domesticus, FdPV-1; and snow leopard, P. uncia, PuPV-2).
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McCarthy, T. (2000). Snow Leopards in Mongolia.
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Wajrak, A. (1994). Snow Leopard Skins in Poland (Polowanie Na Sniezna Pantere).
Abstract: Full Text: In 1991, Dr Andrzej Kruszewicz of the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences saw a “quite fresh” snow leopard skin on sale by a Russian in a Warsaw market for three million Polish zlotys ($300). A few weeks later he saw another skin in a shop in the centre of Warsaw. In spring 1992, Marcin Waslawski from the Institute of Geography saw a snow leopard skin in the same market for the equivalent of $200. The seller was an Asian from a former Soviet Republic. In summer 1992, Wajrak himself saw a snow leopard skin in a hunters' shop in Warsaw and in winter saw one in the home of a Polish hunter, who said it was a gift from a Mongolian friend. In winter 1994, a student from Britain saw a Polish long coat of snow leopard skins in Bialowieza. Wajrak saw a skin in a Warsaw shop, which the owner said was 15-20 years old; he got it from a Polish diplomat who had been in Mongolia and had three snow leopard skins. The skin was priced at the equivalent of $1,000. Wajrak added that he had been told that it was possible to buy tiger skins from Russians in Poland and he was trying to find one; I have not heard from him since.
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Rodenburg, W. F. (1977). The Trade in Wild Animal Furs in Afghanistan.
Abstract: Estimated that 70-80 snow leopard pelts were traded annually at the Kabul bazaar.
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Nowell, K., & Preisser, T. (1997). Saving Their Skins; Pay herders not to hunt snow leopards? Villagers laughed at first.
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Anonymous. Central Asian Republic Snow Leopard Specialists Plan Joint Conservation Strategy.
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