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Author Ale, S.; Brown, J.
Title The contingencies of group size and vigilance Type Miscellaneous
Year 2007 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Research, Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue Pages (down) 1263-1276
Keywords attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy
Abstract Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect.

Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance.

Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour?

Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group.

Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 886 Serial 53
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Author Ishunin G.I.
Title Game and rare animals of Uzbekistan and their protection Type Miscellaneous
Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages (down) 243-244
Keywords Uzbekistan; game species; rare species; conservation; snow leopard.; 6890; Russian
Abstract Totally in Uzbekistan inhabited about 40 game species, but many of them became rare (Mellivora capensis indica, Lutra lutra seistanica, Hyaena hyaena, Felis pardus ciscaucasicus, Felis uncia, Felis ¤…a…c…l michaelis, F.manul ferrugineus, Cervus elaphus bactrianus, ¥…da… falconeri heptneri, Ovis orientalis bochariensis, I. about severtsovi, About ammon k…a†1ini), from fauna of region have disappeared Cuon alpinus hesperius, D…nthera tigris virgata, Acion¢o jubatus, Cervus elaphus sibiricus, Equus h†mionus, E. dazewalskii, Camelus bactrianus. For protection of valuable species of animals in Uzbekistan 6 nature reserves and 6 zakazniks were established.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the First International congress on mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 667 Serial 413
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Author Petrov B.M.
Title Game fauna in western extremities of the Tien Shan and specific issues of its enrichment and use Type Miscellaneous
Year 1963 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 224-225
Keywords Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; game species; hunting farm; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 7890; Russian
Abstract It provides a brief description of game fauna in the West Tien Shan including the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, and Kurama ridges, characterized by high diversity and practical value of predatory mammal species (including snow leopard), Artiodactyls, rodents and birds. There arises a question of game fauna enrichment and game management regulating on this territory.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoogeography of land. Proceedings of third all-Union meeting. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 767 Serial 771
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Author Ishunin G.I.
Title A problem of original fauna conservation in Uzbekistan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 199-200
Keywords Uzbekistan; mammals; origin; game species; snow leopard.; 6910; Russian
Abstract Fauna of Uzbekistan is represented by species being common for south deserts (Indian honey badger, striped hyena, cheetah, caracal), tugai forest (riverine forest) (Bukhara deer, jackal, chaus, tiger), Palaearctic steppes (corsac, steppe polecat, marbled polecat, steppe cat, saiga), deserts of Africa and Middle East (sand cat, tridactylous African jerboa) and steppes of Central Asia (dhole, snow leopard, ibex). There are many foxes, large susliks, and muskrats there. Before hunting was prohibited a very few animals belonging to rare species such as bear, otter, leopard, snow leopard, lynx, roe deer, Bukhara deer, markhor, Asian moufflon, argali, Menzbier's marmot, and sometimes honey badger, caracal, manul, and cheetah, were shot.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of VII All-Union zoogeographical conference. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 669 Serial 415
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Author Yanushevich A.I.
Title Status of hunting industry in Kyrgyzstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1969 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part. II. Issue Pages (down) 110-113
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 8600; Russian
Abstract In Kyrgyz SSR, there are 26 fur animal species, including three acclimatized, six wild ungulate and 70 bird species. They all can serve as objects of commercial and sport hunting. 56 snow leopards, 120 wild boars, 96 roe-deers, 121 ibexes, and 14 argalis were caught 1962 1967. A majority of the animals were exported from the country. The Kyrgyz SSR is one of the main suppliers of snow leopards, hunting for which for the sake of its fur-skin is prohibited.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of conference “Capacity and production of game preserves in the USSR”. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 837 Serial 1053
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Author Ishunin G.I.
Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia gray, 1854 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 94-97
Keywords Uzbekistan; mammals; game species; biology; distribution; practical use; conservation measures.; 6940; Russian
Abstract It provides data concerning biology, distribution and use game and commercial mammal species in Uzbekistan, and recommends on ways of hunting and initial fur-skin processing. It also describes the matter of conservation and rehabilitation of rare species' populations. From 1930-s to 1960-s over 20 snow leopard skins were reported to be traded officially.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game animals of Uzbekistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 672 Serial 418
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Author Kolosov A.M.
Title Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1975 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 93-104
Keywords Central Asia; mountain system; species composition; distribution; number; habitats; rare species; endemics; game species; mammals; snow leopard.; 7190; Russian
Abstract It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and enrichment of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 697 Serial 546
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Author Artykbaev P.K.
Title Fauna Type Miscellaneous
Year 1981 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 51
Keywords Uzbekistan; fauna; game species; mammals; birds; reptiles; desert; geographical zones; mountain semi desert; mountain steppe; alpine zone; rare species; snow leopard.; 6100; Russian
Abstract Uzbekistan's fauna includes 97 mammal species (insectivorous six species, Cheiroptera 20, hare type species 2, rodents 37, ungulates 8); 379 bird species, of which 184 are passerine; 58 reptile species; 69 fish species. Species inhabiting sand deserts, clay deserts, and mountains are listed. The following mammal species inhabit the alpine zone: bear, snow leopard, ermine, weasel, wolf, Siberian mountain ibex, wild sheep, Menzbier's marmot and long-tailed marmot, voles, red pica. The following game species are listed in the Red Book: bear, leopard, lynx, snow leopard, cheetah, caracal, otter, marbled polecat, goitered gazelle, Bukhara deer, marchor, and wild sheep (there are two wild sheep sub-species in the country Bukhara and Kizilkum wild sheep).
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Uzbek SSR. Encyclopedia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 589 Serial 103
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Author Kogan M.I.
Title The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR Type Miscellaneous
Year 1931 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages (down) 47, 51-52,55-57, 59, 61-62.
Keywords Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian
Abstract It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Soviet Asia as a fur-trade region. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 694 Serial 540
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Author Kydyraliev A.K.
Title Some animal species' habitat alteration in the Central Tien Shan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1970 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part 1. Issue Pages (down) 46-48
Keywords Kyrgyzstan; tien shan; human influence; water conservation activity; decline; range; number; birds; mammals; game species; moral; argali; snow leopard.; 7540; Russian
Abstract Irrigation and drainage activity in Tien Shan led some bird species to disappear. Number of species to build their nests in tree holes has dropped. Mongolian sandpiper and black-bellied sand grouse disappeared in the steppe areas. Great bustard, formerly nesting in this area, can now be rarely seen only in migration. The direct anthropogenic influence resulted in shrinkage of game animal and bird populations such as moral, goitered gazelle, argali, snow leopard, and stone marten.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Influence of anthropogenic factors on the formation of zoogeographic complexes. The fifth inter-school zoogeographic conference. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 732 Serial 605
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