Oli, M. K. (1996). Seasonal patterns in habitat use of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) in Nepal. Mammalia, 60(2), 187–193.
Abstract: Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) are the main prey of the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as well as an important game species in Nepal. A knowledge of how blue sheep utilize their habitat is essential for the scientific management of the sheep and for the conservation of the snow leopard, but we only have a limited understanding of this aspect of blue sheep ecology. I studied the habitat use pattern of blue sheep by direct observation in the Anna-purna Conservation Area, Nepal where they occur sympatrically with the snow leopard. The sheep used grassland habitats more frequently during pre-parturition (spring) and post-parturition (autumn) than other habitat types, but scrub and grassland habitats were used equally frequently during the rut (winter). The sheep used smooth undulating slopes of medium steepness (<40 degrees) on southerly aspects within the elevation range of 4,200-4,600 m most frequently in all seasons, and there was no evidence of seasonal migration along the elevation gradient. When not in broken landforms (e.g., cliff, landslides), the sheep maintained proximity (less than or equal to 150 m) to such features suggesting their importance as escape cover (i.e., from predators). The use of habitat components by blue sheep appeared to be related to the distribution of foraging areas and escape cover.
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Oli, M. K., Taylor, K. R., & Rogers, M. E. (1994). Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal (Vol. 68).
Abstract: Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and O. 7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people hem strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed.
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Omar, K. (1986). Gift of snow leopard cub concern conservationists. Unknown.
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Oruntaeva K.B. (1988). The Zailiyskiy natural national park.
Abstract: The Zailiyskiy state natural national park is suggested to establish in the center of northern micro slope of Zailiyskiy Alatau. There are 42 mammal, 138 bird, tow amphibian, and eight reptile and fish species, and 145 daylight butterfly species in the Zailiyskiy Alatay. Of them, seven mammal species such as argali, Tien Shan bear, snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, stone marten, Central Asian otter, and Indian porcupine are included in the Red Data Books of Kazakhstan and USSR.
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Oshmarin P.G. (1990). Traces in nature.
Abstract: Traces of vital activity of various animal species such as footprints, faeces, food remains, etc. are identified. It also provides information about hunting behavior of predators. Snow leopards would hunt along rather than in groups. Near the remains of prey they leave pieces of skin, skull of victim remaining untouched.
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Panwar, H. S. (1988). Report on the snow leopard research project of Wildlife Institute of India.
Abstract: Snow leopard survey conducted in Indian Himalayas between November 1985 and July 1986.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1995). Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book.
Abstract: This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (2002). Genus irbis (Uncia Gray, 1854), irbis (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776). Terrain animals of Russia. Reference book identifier.
Abstract: It provides brief characteristics of terrain mammals in Russia: taxonomy, synonyms, principle features, distribution, habitat, biological features. Snow leopard is distributed in the mountains (from 800 to 5,000 m above sea level) of Central Asia Himalayas, Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan; in Russia the Altai, Tuva, southern Transbaikalia.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1987). Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR.
Abstract: The reference book on taxonomy of modern mammals in the USSR provides classification from order to species, list of synonyms for all taxons, and indicates types and typical habitats, and places of storage of typical exhibits. Fauna of the USSR has one species of genus Uncia Grey, 1854 Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776).
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1998). Taxonomy of mammals in the USSR: additions.
Abstract: A full hierarchic system of mammal fauna in the USSR and CIS countries, list of synonyms, comments on taxonomy, and information about geographical distribution are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species U. uncia (Schreber, 1776) distributed in highlands (up to 5,000 m) of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis.
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