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Author |
Riddell, Mand L.G. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2004 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730 |
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This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:
ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity
ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers
ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching
ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently
ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions
ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders
ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region
ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region
Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan
Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains
Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations
More government fund for the Institute of Zoology
Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard
survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.
This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and
distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.
The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol). |
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SLN @ rana @ 283 |
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816 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
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1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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1 |
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78-103 |
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behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
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818 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Some aspects of the history of ounce knowledge |
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Book Chapter |
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1980 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 2 |
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2 |
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1-36 |
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history; International; knowledge; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1050 |
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820 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Breeding ounces, Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1775) in zoological gardens |
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1982 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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49-50 |
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breeding; captive; International; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo; zoological; zoological-gardens; zoological gardens |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1038 |
Serial |
822 |
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Author |
Riordan, P. |
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Title |
Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1998 |
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Animal Conservation |
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1 |
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253-262 |
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captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger |
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This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted. |
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SLN @ rana @ 896 |
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823 |
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Author |
Rishi, V. |
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Title |
Snow leopards breed at Darjeeling Zoo |
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Journal Article |
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1989 |
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Zoo's Print |
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1-4 |
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India; snow leopard; zoo |
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SLN @ rana @ 988 |
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824 |
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Author |
Rothschild, B.M.; Rothschild, C.; Woods, R.J. |
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Title |
Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: An expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy |
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1998 |
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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine |
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29 |
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3 |
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279-284 |
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Acinonyx-jubatus; cheetah; Felidae; Felis-concolor; mountain-lion; Felis-pardalis; ocelot; Panthera-leo; African-lion; Panthera-onca; jaguar; Panthera-pardus; leopard; Panthera-tigris; tiger; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Acinonyx; jubatus; felis; concolor; mountain; lion; pardalis; panthera; leo; african; onca; pardus; tigris; uncia; browse; 1240 |
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Spondyloarthropathy was documented for the first time in 14 (3.7%) of 386 large cats, affecting eight species belonging to three genera. The limited distribution of joint erosions, associated with spine and sacroiliac joint pathology, was indistinguishable from that occurring in humans with spondyloarthropathy of the reactive type. This form of inflammatory arthritis is almost twice as common as osteoarthritis (for felids as a whole), and animal well-being may be enhanced by its recognition and by initiation of specific treatment. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 353 |
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832 |
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Author |
Rude, K. |
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Title |
Aiding the elusive snow leopard |
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1985 |
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Endangered Species Technical Bulletin Reprint |
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2 |
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3 |
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1-6 |
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snow leopard; management; resource |
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Wildland Management Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan. |
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Michigan |
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Special reprint issue. Wildland Management Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 989 |
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834 |
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Ruedi, D.; Heldstab, A.; Wiesner, H.; Keller, P. |
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Title |
Liver cirrhosis in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia): Case histories of three animals and suggestion of some diagnostic possibilities |
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1978 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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1 |
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113-129 |
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captive; Cirrhosis; diagnostic; history; International; Liver; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1039 |
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835 |
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Author |
Ruedi, D.; Heldstab, A.; van den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M. |
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Title |
Liver cirrhosis in snow leopards – further results |
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Book Chapter |
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1980 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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2 |
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195-204 |
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Keywords |
Liver; Cirrhosis; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; pedigree |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1092 |
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836 |
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