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Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association |
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Title |
Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 |
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2010 |
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nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology |
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In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,
zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as
reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial
operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,
Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from
September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made
the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that
administrative units have been increased and territories of
administrative units have been diminished. There have been four
provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation
limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than
ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.
Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of
species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in
banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,
Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing
in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently
necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures
into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across
hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.
Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national
cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of
cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of
Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify
popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of
agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central
Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December
16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of
1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %
of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals
amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total
animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article
mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in
Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such
number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into
five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult
animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally
in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food
of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main
nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the
soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of
secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of
ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt
one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for
domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big
game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and
hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.
Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give
prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly
it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15
USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially
picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow
leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack
domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of
ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting
wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't
consider it had been right since it was natural event. However
population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought
and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has
never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million
heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in
its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of
domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild
animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards
correctly with low costs. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1100 |
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705 |
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Murata, K.; Yanai, T.; Agatsuma, T.; Uni, S. |
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Title |
Dirofilaria immitis infection of a snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in a Japanese zoo with mitochondrial DNA analysis |
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Miscellaneous |
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2003 |
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The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science |
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65 |
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945-947 |
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Dirofilaria immitis,Japan,snow leopard |
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Three dog heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) were detected in the lumen of the right cardiac ventriculus and of the pulmonary artery of a captive female snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that died of pancreatic carcinoma at a zoo in Japan. Neither clinical respiratory nor circulatory symptoms caused by the heartworm infection were observed. The filarial worms were identified as D. immitis from the morphologic characteristics of the esophagus, the presence of faint longitudinal ridges on the cuticular surface, the situation of vulva posterior to the esophagus, and the measurements of the body. The heartworms from the snow leopard were identical to that of D. immitis from dogs in the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I region in the mitochondrial DNA. This host record is the first of D. immitis in U. uncia. |
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SLN @ rana @ 892 |
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707 |
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Myroniuk, P. |
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Title |
Snow leopards down under |
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1998 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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7 |
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25-25 |
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snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; pedigree |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1088 |
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709 |
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Namgail, T. |
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Title |
Interactions between argali and livestock, Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India, Final Project Report |
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Report |
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2004 |
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1-39 |
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Interactions; interaction; argali; livestock; Gya-Miru; wildlife; sanctuary; sanctuaries; Ladakh; India; project; Report; land-use; land use; region; indian; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya; economy; Animal; products; meat; diet; people; wool; goats; goat; International; High; recent; change; population; grazing; Pressure; pasture; impact; 2000; knowledge; primary; Chundawat; wild; area; Support; ungulate; species; fox; nature; domestic; sheep; habitat; habitat use; use; tibetan; Tibetan argali; ovis; Ovis ammon hodgsoni; ammon; reserve; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; program |
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Livestock production is the major land-use in Ladakh region of the Indian Trans-Himalaya, and is a crucial sector that drives the region's economy (Anon, 2002). Animal products like meat and milk provide protein to the diet of people, while products like wool and pashmina (soft fibre of goats) find their way to the international market. Such high utility of livestock and the recent socio-economic changes in the region have caused an increase in livestock population (Rawat and Adhikari, 2002; Anon. 2002), which, if continue apace, may increase grazing pressure and deteriorate pasture conditions. Thus, there is an urgent need to assess the impact of such escalation in livestock population on the regions wildlife. Although, competitive interaction between wildlife and livestock has been studied elsewhere in the Trans-Himalaya (Bhatnagar et al., 2000; Mishra, 2001; Bagchi et al., 2002), knowledge on this aspect in the Ladakh region is very rudimentary. The rangelands of Ladakh are characterised by low primary productivity (Chundawat & Rawat, 1994), and the wild herbivores are likely to compete with the burgeoning livestock on these impoverished rangelands (Mishra et al., 2002). Thus, given that the area supports a diverse wild ungulate assemblage of eight species (Fox et al., 1991b), and an increasing livestock population (Rawat and Adhikari, 2002), the nature of interaction between wildlife and livestock needs to be assessed. During this project, we primarily evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use of Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in a prospective wildlife reserve in Ladakh. |
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Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2003. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1073 |
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711 |
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Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. |
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Title |
Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya |
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Miscellaneous |
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2007 |
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Environmental Management |
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39 |
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490-496 |
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Gya-Miru; livestock depredation; Lynx; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; wolf |
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The loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among Trans-Himalayan pastoralists. Because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. In the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia, Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanku, and Eurasian lynx Lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely Gya, Rumtse, and Sasoma, within the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. The three villages reported losses of 295 animals to these carnivores during a period of 2.5 years ending in early 2003, which represents an annual loss rate of 2.9% of their livestock holdings. The Tibetan wolf was the most important predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock loss because of predation, followed by snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Domestic goat was the major victim (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horse (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance. Snow leopards also killed horses significantly more than expected, whereas they killed other livestock types in proportion to their abundance. The three villages combined incurred an estimated annual monetary loss of approximately $USD 12,120 amounting to approximately $USD 190/household/y. This relatively high total annual loss occurred primarily because of depredation of the most valuable livestock types such as yak and horse. Conservation actions should initially attempt to target decrease of predation on these large and valuable livestock species. |
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SLN @ rana @ 924 |
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712 |
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Namgay, K. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan |
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Report |
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2007 |
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1-5 |
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2000; 30; activities; activity; asia; Bhutan; China; conservation; dates; Dorji; field; government; habitat; habitats; India; International; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; international snow leopard trust; Jigme; Jigme-Dorji; leopard; leopards; methods; national; National-park; national park; Nepal; Pakistan; park; plan; population; populations; prey; program; programs; project; region; regional; Report; Slims; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; staff; status; strategy; Support; survey; surveys; techniques; training; trust; ungulate; us; using; wild; wildlife; work; workshop; world-wildlife-fund; world wildlife fund; Wwf |
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Snow leopard conservation work in Bhutan dates back to 1999 and 2000 when the International Snow Leopard Trust-in collaboration with the Royal Government of Bhutan and World Wildlife Fund-initiated a training workshop. More than 30 government staff were trained in SLIMS survey techniques. As a part of the training exercise, a preliminary survey on snow leopard was also carried out using the SLIMS methods in Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Park. Based on the survey results, we estimated there was a population of 100 snow leopards in the wild and 10,000 km2 of habitat. In 2005, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) organized the WWF/South Asia Regional Workshop on Snow leopard Conservation in Bhutan. Both regional (Bhutan, India, China, Nepal and Pakistan) and international experts revisited the snow leopard programs and developed a work plan for the overall conservation of the snow leopard in the region. This led to WWF's Regional Snow leopard Conservation Strategy. WWF is pleased to submit our final report to the International Snow Leopard Trust on the oneyear, $8,000 grant in support of Snow Leopard and Prey Population Conservation in Bhutan. With the support of the Snow Leopard Trust, we have made great strides towards achieving our goal for this project: To determine the current status of snow leopard and ungulate prey populations in prime snow leopard habitats. Major accomplishments and activities completed thanks to the generous support of the International Snow Leopard Trust include:
Signed of a Terms of Reference between Royal Government, International Snow Leopard
Trust – India, World Wildlife Fund and International Snow Leopard Trust -US;
Developed a joint revised project work plan; and
Purchased basic field supplies and equipment needed for the surveys planned. |
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Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2006. Contact Thomas Dillon (202) 778-9766 phone or email Thomas.dillon@wwfus.org |
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SLN @ rana @ 1074 |
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714 |
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Nardelli, F. |
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Keeping and breeding snow leopards at the Rare Felids Increasing Centre, Nettuno, Italy |
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1982 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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63-66 |
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breeding; captive; felids; International; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1033 |
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715 |
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Nath, A. |
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Title |
Some observations on wildlife in the Upper Suru/Northern Zanskar/Markha Valley of Ladakh |
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1982 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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11-24 |
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International; Ladakh; observations; pedigree; snow leopard; valley; wildlife |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1034 |
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716 |
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Naumov S.P. |
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Title |
The cats – Felidae |
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Miscellaneous |
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1950 |
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315 |
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Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7720; Russian |
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Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Unci uncia, Felis silvestris, Felis ocreata, Felis †udtilur…, L¢no l¢no, A¤tŒn¢o jub…tus) is given. Snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle and Central Asia. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoology of vertebrates. |
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SLN @ rana @ 750 |
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717 |
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Naumov S.P. |
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Title |
The cats – Felidae |
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Miscellaneous |
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1973 |
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Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7730; Russian |
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Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, D…nthera d…rdus, Unci uncia, Felis silvestris, Felis ocreata, Felis †udtilur…, L¢no l¢no, A¤tŒn¢o jub…tus) is given. Snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle and Central Asia. |
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1950Journal Title: Zoology of vertebrates. |
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SLN @ rana @ 751 |
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718 |
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Naumov S.P. |
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The cats – Felidae. Mountain regions of USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1948 |
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59-61 |
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Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7740 |
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Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Leopardus (Pardus) pardus and Unci uncia) is given. In USSR snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle Asia and Altai. |
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1950Journal Title: Biology of game animals and birds of USSR. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 752 |
Serial |
719 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Nikolaevskiy A.G. |
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Title |
The Kyrgyz state nature park “Ala-Archa”. People's park of the Uzbek SSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
89-92 |
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Keywords |
Kyrgyzsatn; Ala-Archa national park; location; climate; soils; relief; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7750 |
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Abstract |
It provides general information about the Kyrgyz state nature park ®Ala-Archa", its physico-geographical features, relief, landscape zoning, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopard, Tien-Shan brown bear, ibex (more than 300 animals), porcupine, stone marten, ermine, and marmot, etc. are mentioned as the most interesting animals. |
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Notes |
1950Journal Title: National parks. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 753 |
Serial |
720 |
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Author |
Nishine, Y. |
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Title |
The captive snow leopard programme (SSCJ) in Japan |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
21-25 |
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Keywords |
captive; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Japan; International; pedigree; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards |
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Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1089 |
Serial |
721 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Novikov G.A. |
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Title |
Sub-genus UNCIA Gray |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1956 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
274-277 |
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| |
Keywords |
Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian |
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| |
Abstract |
Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 754 |
Serial |
726 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Novikov L.K. |
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Title |
Mammals |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1972 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
20-24 |
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Keywords |
Uzbekistan; protected areas; Chatkal nature reserve; mammals; snow leopard.; 7770; Russian |
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Abstract |
History of establishment of the nature reserves in Uzbekistan, climate, flora and fauna are described. Status of mammals in Chatkal nature reserve is described. Here inhabited marten, weasel, ermine, badger, brown bear, wild ibex and snow leopard. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protected areas of Uzbekistan. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 755 |
Serial |
727 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
103-110 |
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Keywords |
behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Publisher |
Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1035 |
Serial |
733 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
O'Gara, B.W. |
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Title |
Snow leopards and sport hunting in the Mongolian People's Republic |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
215-225 |
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Keywords |
hunting; Mongolia; snow leopard |
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Publisher |
International Snow Leopard Trust and The Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
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Notes |
Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard Symposium Place of Meeting: Srinagar, India Date of Copyright: 1988 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 931 |
Serial |
734 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ochilov A.M. |
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Title |
Protected areas of Kashkadarya province |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
164-166 |
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Keywords |
Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7780; Russian |
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Abstract |
The 30 mammals, 180 birds, 9 reptiles and 1 fish are presented in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. Snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, brown bear, otter, golden eagle and Himalayan griffon included in IUCN Red data Book. Number of ibex was declined. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of protected areas development. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 756 |
Serial |
735 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ognev S.I. |
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Title |
Uncia uncia Sch., 1778. Irbis or snow leopard |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1935 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
Vol.3. |
Issue |
|
Pages |
263-270 |
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| |
Keywords |
Ussr; snow leopard; taxonomy; biology; distribution.; 7790; Russian |
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| |
Abstract |
It describes identification signs and taxonomy of genus Uncia Gray and the only representative of genus Uncia uncia Sch., 1778, distribution and some features of the species' biology. A habitat of snow leopard includes the mountains of Central Asia from Kopet-Dag and northern Iran to the east along the mountain systems of Pamir, Turkestan, Gilgit, Tibet, Himalayas before the country Kam. On the north, snow leopard is met in Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans, and further eastward to the Yablonoviy and Stanovoy ridges reaching the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the USSR and neighboring countries. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 757 |
Serial |
737 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Ognev S.I. |
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Title |
The cats (Felidae) |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1951 |
Publication |
|
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
|
Issue |
|
Pages |
23-33 |
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Keywords |
Ussr; fauna; mammals; Cats; game species; accidentally hunted species; snow leopard.; 7800; Russian |
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| |
Abstract |
A list of mammals of the USSR fauna by orders is presented. Data of distribution and ecology mainly concerns the species of commercial value. From this viewpoint the Felidae species such as tiger, leopard, snow leopard, and lynx are referred to a category of accidentally hunted species of low commercial value. |
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Notes |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology of mammals. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 758 |
Serial |
738 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Oli, M. |
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Title |
Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: Prey ratio |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Mammalogy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
998-1004 |
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| |
Keywords |
snow leopard,Panthera uncia,blue sheep,Pseudois nayaur,density,predator:prey ratio,harvest rate,livestock predation,Nepal |
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Abstract |
I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predatorprey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 105-km2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6-10.2 sheep/km2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diet of snow leopards. Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard :blue sheep ratio was 1 :1 14-1 :159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 894 |
Serial |
741 |
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Author |
Oli, M.K. |
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Title |
Ecology and conservation of snow leopard project |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
6628 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
1-9 |
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Keywords |
1990; conservation; ecology; Report; snow leopard; Wwf |
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Notes |
WWF Project #6628: progress report 2 for the period December 1990 – March 1991. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 984 |
Serial |
743 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Oli, M.K. |
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Title |
A key for the identification of the hair of mammals of a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in Nepal |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology London |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| |
Volume |
231 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
71-93 |
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| |
Keywords |
Nepal; snow leopard; scats; Hair; diet; identification; Panthera-uncia; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 780 |
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| |
Abstract |
Analysis of prey remains in scats, particularly hairs, in widely used to study diet of mammalian predators, but identification of hair is often difficult because hair structures vary considerably both within and between species. Use of photographic reference of diagnostically important hair structures from mammals occurring in a predator's habitat has been found to be convenient for routine identification. A photographic reference key was developed for the identification of hairs of the mammals known to occur in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. The key included a photographic reference of the diagnostic hair structures of nine species of wild and five species of domestic mammals. The cross-sectional appearance, shape and arrangement of medulla, the ratio of cortex to medulla, and the form and distribution of pigment in medulla and cortex were important diagnostic aids in the identification of hairs. |
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Notes |
Document Type: English
Call Number: QL1 .J879 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 207 |
Serial |
745 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Oli, M.K. |
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| |
Title |
Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of Mammalogy |
Abbreviated Journal |
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|
| |
Volume |
75 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
998-1004 |
|
| |
Keywords |
Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator |
|
| |
Abstract |
I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. |
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Notes |
Document Type: English
Call Number: 599.05 JO |
Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 236 |
Serial |
746 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Oli, M.K.; Taylor, I.R.; Rogers, M.E. |
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| |
Title |
Snow leopard Panthera unica predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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|
| |
Volume |
68 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-68 |
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| |
Keywords |
predation; livestock; herders; goat; sheep; oxen; horse; Panthera-uncia; Nepal; snow-leopard; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; public attitudes; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; uncia; panthera; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; conservation; area; public; attitudes; 750 |
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Abstract |
Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and 0.7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people held strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed. |
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Document Type: English
Call Number: S900 .B5 |
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SLN @ rana @ 237 |
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747 |
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