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Author |
Green, M.J.B. |
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Title |
Protected areas and snow leopards: their distribution and status |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
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Tiger Paper |
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14 |
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4 |
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1-10 |
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Keywords |
Central Asia; conserve; conserving; distribution; endangered species; network; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; protected; protected-area; protected areas; snow leopard; status; protected area; protected-areas; areas; area; snow; snow leopards; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; symposium; India |
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Abstract |
Considerable efforts have been devoted to conserving the snow leopard Panthera uncia in recent years, but progress has inevitably been slow due to the difficulties of studying a sparsely distributed, secretive and endangered species in often isolated mountainous terrain. Although knowledge about the species overall distribution in the highlands of Central Asia still remains fragmenatry, it is important to briefly examine all the available information in order to review measures taken to date to conserve the species through the protected areas network. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution and status of protected areas inhabited or visited by snow leopard in relation to the species' distribution and highlight deficiences in the present network. |
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Presented at 5th International Snow Leopard Symposium held in Srinagar, India, from 13-15 October 1986. Also published in conference proceedings. |
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SLN @ rana @ 965 |
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347 |
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Author |
Green, M.J.B.; Zhimbiev, B. |
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Title |
Transboundary Protected Areas and Snow Leopard Conservation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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194-202 |
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conservation; parks; park; reserve; refuge; snow-leopard; management; Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; Pakistan; Nepal; India; Mongolia; Russia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; habitat; protected-area; kazakstan; snow leopard; browse; protected; area; 3000 |
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Islt |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson and A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 312 |
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351 |
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Author |
Gripenberg, U. |
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Title |
Comparison of chromosome banding patterns in the snow leopard (Panthera uncial) and in other felids |
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Unsupported: Serial (Book, Monograph) |
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Year |
1982 |
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135-138 |
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Banding; Chromosome; felids; International; patterns; pedigree; snow leopard |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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3 |
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SLN @ rana @ 966 |
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353 |
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Author |
Gromov I.M. |
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Title |
Felis (Uncia) uncia Schreber (1776) leopard or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1963 |
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Part.2. |
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890-892 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; morphology; distribution; biology; value; snow leopard.; 6820; Russian |
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An identification table for genus and species of mammals of USSR is given. The taxonomy, morphology, distribution and life history are described. The features of snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia, distribution, biology and practical value are described. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The mammals of USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 660 |
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356 |
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Author |
Guerrero, D. |
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Title |
Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Anim.Keepers' Forum |
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25 |
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2 |
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56-58 |
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aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310 |
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The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh. |
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Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com
Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 338 |
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358 |
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Author |
Guggisberg, C.A.W. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard, Ounce |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1975 |
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snow-leopard; ounce; history; discovery; taxonomy; snow leopard; browse; 1650 |
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Taplinger Publication Co. Inc. |
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New York |
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A general brief history of the snow leoaprd
ProCite field [32]: Wild Cats of the World |
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SLN @ rana @ 29 |
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359 |
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Author |
Gulyaeva T.S. |
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Title |
About protection of natural complexes in south Altai |
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Miscellaneous |
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1986 |
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68-69 |
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Kazakhstan; Altai; mammals; snow leopard.; 6830; Russian |
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To ensure proper conservation of valuable natural complexes it is proposed that a nature reserve be established in the upper river Bakhturma. There are over 20 mammal species there, dhole and snow leopard being included in the Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR and Red List of IUCN. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of wildlife protection development. |
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SLN @ rana @ 661 |
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360 |
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Author |
Gundersen, S.; Jackson, R. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard in Nepal |
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Book Whole |
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1999 |
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1-24 |
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snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Nepal; Wwf; program; Support; parks; park; wildlife; conservation; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust |
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Gundersen, S. |
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WWF Nepal Program prepared booklet with support of Department of Natural Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1002 |
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361 |
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Author |
Gvozdetskiy N.A. |
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Title |
Altitudal landscape zones |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1970 |
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142-151 |
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Central Asia; geobotany; zoogeography; mountain zones; Animals; snow leopard.; 6840; Russian |
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It provides geobotanic and zoogeographic description of vertical landscape zoning. Particularly, in alpine meadows and meadow steppes and partially zone of mountain plateau (“syrt”) of highland, the common species are argali (Ovis ammon poloi), ibex (Capra sibirica sakeen), snow leopard (Felis uncia), Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos leuconyx), and red pica; very numerous are marmots and vole (Microtus gregalis). The bird fauna includes Himalayan snow-cock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Alpine chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus), chough (P. pyrrhocorax), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), rosefinch species. There are many waterfowl birds on the lakes. There are many Central Asian, particularly Tibetan species among the animals inhabiting highlands of the Tien Shan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Physical geography of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 662 |
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364 |
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Author |
Gvozdev E.V. |
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Title |
Dzhungarsky nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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31-34 |
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Kazakhstan; Dzungarian Ala Tau; biodiversity; mammals; snow leopard; protected area creation.; 6850; Russian |
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Fauna of the mammals in Dzungarian Ala Tau included 54 species, from them in IUCN Red book, the Red Data book of USSR and Kazakh Red Data Book listed snow leopard, dhole, brown bear, Central Asian otter, Turkestan lynx, manul, argali, marbled polecat and stone marten. Institute of geography of Kazakhstan offers the project on creation of protected territory on Dzungarian Ala Tau for biodiversity conservation and increase in number of rare and disappearing species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Perspectives of creation of protected areas fund in Kazakhstan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 663 |
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365 |
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Author |
Habibi, K. |
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Title |
The Mammals of Afghanistan: Their Distribution and Status |
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Miscellaneous |
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1977 |
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Afghanistan; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; 2470 |
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Notes personal sighting and several reports of other recent sightings of snow leopard in Afganastan. Some comments on its distribution in the country |
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UNDP/FAO Project Field Document AFG/74/016, Kabul.
Date of Copyright: 1977 |
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SLN @ rana @ 34 |
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367 |
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Author |
Halemba, A.; Donahoe, B. |
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Title |
Local perspectives on hunting and poaching: Research report for WWF Russia Altai-Saian Ecoregion |
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2009 |
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WWF Report |
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1-34 |
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attitudes; hunting; poaching; Russia; snow leopard; Wwf; local; research; Report; attitude; region; snow; snow-leopard; leopard |
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WWF Russia released a report in English by Agnieszka Halemba of the University of Leipzigand Brian Donahoe of the Max Planck Institute on attitudes toward hunting and poaching in the Altai-Sayan region, including some material on attitudes toward snow leopard hunting. The report can be downloaded at http://www.wwf.ru/altay/eng/. |
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SLN @ rana @ 942 |
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369 |
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Author |
Harder, T.; Toropova, V. |
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Title |
Snow leopard conservation in Kyrghyzstan (Kyrgyzstan) |
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2000 |
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1-1 |
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conservation; Iucn; Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard |
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IUCN (The World Conservation Union) |
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Kovshar, A. |
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IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Newsletter |
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SLN @ rana @ 967 |
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370 |
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Author |
Heiz A.V. |
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Title |
Some legal issues of snow leopard protection in the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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244-245 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; criminal responsibility; management responsibility; liability for breakage; protection; propaganda; counts.; 6860; Russian |
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Any commercial use or sport hunting for snow leopard is prohibited everywhere. In the USSR, illegal hunting or attempt to hunt was prosecuted according to the criminal or administrative law. The following additional measures are required to successfully protect the species: conducting awareness activity in local communities, continuous control, quick investigating of snow leopard extermination cases, and regular counts of snow leopard population. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Environment fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 664 |
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379 |
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Author |
Heiz A.V. |
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Title |
Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and its protection |
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Miscellaneous |
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1983 |
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3 |
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92-93 |
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Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; number; decline; mountain ungulates; livestock; hunting; propaganda; protection.; 6870; Russian |
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In the year 1970, the quantity of snow leopards in Kyrgyzstan was defined as 1,300 animals, while in the years to follow 1,600 animals were recorded. A snow leopard population has significantly decreased since recently because of intense extermination of snow leopard's prey ungulates, particularly ibex. In some areas of the Kyrgyz ridge livestock is growing in number thus affecting snow leopard population. It is extremely rare that snow leopard would attack livestock. Snow leopards can be caught under special license. Educational and awareness work among shepherds and hunters residing in the mountainous area of the country needs to be improved. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammal species of the USSR and their protection. |
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SLN @ rana @ 665 |
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380 |
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Helman, R.G.; Russell, W.C.; Jenny, A.; Miller, J.; Payeur, J. |
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Title |
Diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction |
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Miscellaneous |
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1998 |
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Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation |
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10 |
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89-92 |
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Disease; Mycobacterium; skin; snow leopard; zoo |
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The incidence of tuberculosis in zoological animal collections is low, and the disease is monitored through skin testing primarily in primates and artiodactylids.15,16 Other exotic animals are clearly at risk; tuberculosis has been described in elephants (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis), rhinoceros (M. bovis), felids (M. bovis), foxes (M. bovis), birds (M. avium complex, M. tuberculosis, M. bovis), and reptiles, amphibians, and fish (cryophilic Mycobacterium species). 1,2,4,6,8-10,13,14,17 Mycobacterial infections in mammals and birds serve as a potential source of disease that can spread to other animals and to humans.7,15,16 In humans, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis are the most important mycobacteria in the USA. |
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SLN @ rana @ 888 |
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381 |
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Hol, E.H.; Marden, T.B.; Roelke, M.E. |
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The importance of ecotoxicological research in management of the snow leopard: lessons learned from the Florida panther |
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1994 |
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113-125 |
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ecotoxicological; contaminants; pollution; habitat; health; browse; 3310; research; management; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox and D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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SLN @ rana @ 226 |
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387 |
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Hunter, D. |
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Title |
Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project |
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1997 |
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Cat News |
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26 |
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15-16 |
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asia; Mongolia; panthera uncia; endangered; threatened species; mammals; study methods; techniques; telemetry; snow leopard project; distribution; Gobi Desert; threatened; species; snow; leopard; snow-leopard; project; study; methods; panthera; uncia; browse; 630 |
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A snow leopard project is underway to study snow leopards in Mongolia. The project, called the Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project, involves the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Mongolian Association for the Conservation of Nature and Environment, the National Geographic Society, the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and the Environment, the U.S. National Biological Service, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. The objective of the study is to survey the distribution and status of Mongolia's snow leopards, including those living in the Gobi Desert. klf. |
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AUTHOR ADDRESS: Natl. Biol. Surv., MESC, 4512 McMurray Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80525-3400, NOTES: reprinted from: Snow Line (Intl. Snow Leopard Trust) Vol. XIV, 1996.
Document Type: English
Call Number: WR97-008333 |
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SLN @ rana @ 310 |
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392 |
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Hunter, D.O.; Jackson, R.; Freeman, H.; Hillard, D. |
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Title |
Project snow leopard: a model for conserving central Asia biodiversity |
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1994 |
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247-252 |
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conservation; habitat; Himalaya; parks; reserves; park; reserve; refuge; survey; methods; Slims; education; protected-area; anthropogenic-degradation; asia; China; Bhutan; India; Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Mongolia; Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Project-snow-leopard; network; preybase; Islt; Usfws; Ners; Information-Network; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; anthropogenic; degradation; soviet; union; project; snow; leopard; international snow leopard trust; information; 2660 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Usa |
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J.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994. |
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SLN @ rana @ 220 |
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395 |
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Hussain, I. |
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Title |
Conserving Biodiversity through Institutional Diversity: Concept Paper |
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1999 |
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Iunc; status; distribution; Baltistan; Pakistan; herders; farmers; conservation; killing; poaching; conflict; livestock; predator; prey; retaliatory-killing; economy; corral; capture; trapping; Project-snow-leopard; ecotourism; tourism; compensation; markhor; trekking; browse; retaliatory; 3910 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 362 |
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397 |
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Hussain, S. |
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Protecting the snow leopard and enhancing farmers' livelihoods: A pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan |
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2000 |
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Mountain-Research-and-Development. |
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20 |
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226-231 |
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Uncia-uncia; snow-leopard; Felidae; protection; Human; Hominidae; farmer; livestock; Mammalia; Project-snow-leopard; economic-evaluation; ecotourism-activities; farmer-livelihood; insurance-scheme; mountain-livelihood; retaliatory-killings; snow leopard; browse; Uncia uncia; uncia; project snow leopard; economic evaluation; evaluation; economic; ecotourism activities; ecotourism; activities; farmer livelihood; livelihood; mountain livelihood; mountain; retaliatory killings; retaliatory; killings; 20 |
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Snow leopards that prey on poor farmers' livestock pose a twofold problem: they endanger farmers' precarious mountain livelihoods as well as the survival of the snow leopard as a unique species since farmers engage in retaliatory killings. Project Snow Leopard (PSL), a recent pilot initiative in Baltistan, involves a partnership between local farmers and private enterprise in the form of an insurance scheme combined with ecotourism activities. Farmers jointly finance the insurance scheme through the payment of premiums per head of livestock they own, while the remaining funds are provided by profits from trekking expeditions focusing on the snow leopard. The insurance scheme is jointly managed by a village management committee and PSL staff. The scheme is structured in such a way that villagers monitor each other and have incentives to avoid cheating the system. |
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Document Type: English
Call Number: Call number: GB500 .M68 |
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SLN @ rana @ 389 |
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399 |
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Hussain, S. |
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Title |
Nature and Human Nature: Conservation, Values and Snow Leopard |
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2002 |
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snow; leopard; nature; Human; environment; environmental; conservation; conserving; conserve; economic; incentives; cbc; 4940 |
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Abstract |
The failure of top-down environmental conservation practices gave rise to the so-called
`Community Based Conservation' or CBC approach. CBC promises to achieve the dual goals of
conserving nature and improving peoples' livelihoods. CBC programs also aim to involve local
communities as active partners in conservation efforts, and to use traditional knowledge and
local values in management of resources (Adams & Hulme 2001; Agrawal & Gibson 1999).
There are variations between different CBC programs; however, the underlying rationale of the
approach, common to all programs, is that introducing or changing economic incentives into the
conservation calculus of local people will bring about the behavioural change necessary for
successful conservation (Kellert et al 2000). Thus, the major emphasis in CBC programs is
conserving nature based on its utilitarian value. Since utilitarian value is measured in terms of
economics, hence the emphasis of CBCs on economic incentives in promoting conservation.
Recent evaluation of the CBC approach has shown that while local people may have benefited in
economic terms from the use of nature, no tangible improvements in biodiversity conservation
have occurred (Kellert et al 2000; Terborgh 1999). The disappointing performance of CBC
programs, which promised so much and yet have failed in practice to deliver, has recently lead to
a resurgence of the protectionist approach, calling for a renewed separation between the
conservation and human development objectives (Redford & Sanderson 2000; Terborgh 1999;
Oats 1999). Others, however, believe that the CBC approach has enormous potential, and that a
return to protectionist strategies would be disastrous, like `reinventing the square wheel'
(Brechin 2001; Wilhusen 2001). It is crucial that the flaws in the CBC approach are remedied if
there is to be any hope of a conservation agenda that does not conflict with the needs, aspirations
and interests of local people, and that therefore has a chance of having a long term, sustainable
conservation outcome. |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
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SLN @ rana @ 480 |
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400 |
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Hussain, S. |
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The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers |
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2003 |
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Oryx |
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37 |
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26-33 |
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Central Karakorum,farmer-wildlife conflict; livestock predation,snow leopard,Uncia uncia,; Western Himalayas. |
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Between 1998 and 2001 I carried out surveys in four areas in the Baltistan district of the Northern Areas of Pakistan to estimate the population of the snow leopard and to examine the threats to its future conservation. I estimate that a total of 36-50 snow leopards are present in the areas surveyed. Based on the availability of suitable snow leopard habitat and of its prey species, I estimate that 90-120 snow leopards are potentially present in Baltistan and 300-420 throughout its range within Pakistan's borders. Although this estimate is higher than extrapolations based on earlier surveys, the long-term future of the snow leopard is under threat. This is mainly due to retaliatory killings by farmers, and poaching for pelts and other body parts. Species-focused conservation policies, particularly those targeting ungulates for the promotion of trophy hunting, may constitute an additional threat to snow leopard conservation in the region. However, all forms of threats to the snow leopard in Baltistan appear to emanate from the relatively poor economic conditions of the local people. |
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SLN @ rana @ 898 |
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401 |
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Ikeda, N. |
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Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya |
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2004 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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31 |
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322-330 |
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herder; Kanchenjunga Conservation Area; local resident; park people conflict; wildlife conservation; yak.; snow leopard |
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It is necessary to fully understand the economic conditions of local herders in order to find solutions to the conflicts between wildlife conservation and livestock rearing in remote areas of low-income countries. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), Nepal, livestock depredation by snow leopards impacts on yak herders' livelihoods. Retaliatory killings of snow leopard by the herders have been reported and the concerned authorities recently initiated snow leopard conservation programmes. In 2001, interviews with the yak herders who used the pastures in the Ghunsa valley in the preceding year collected data on the incidence of livestock death caused by snow leopards. The annual net cash income of the yak herders was estimated by obtaining baseline values of sales and expenditure per livestock head through field measurement of dairy products and interviews with a sample of herders. As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism. A supplementary interview showed that the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy. For the snow leopard conservation programme in the KCA to be a success, there must be a system to compensate the herders' households for livestock damage. |
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Full article not available on SLN bibliography due to copyright concerns. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 906 |
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402 |
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Inayat, S. |
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Title |
Role of Women In Conservation of Snow Leopard In Pakistan |
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2002 |
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snow; leopard; women; womens; conservation; conflict; herders; economic; loss; Pakistan; Female; 4950 |
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Generally speaking, men and women are the two wheels of the same vehicle. Women's
participation and involvement in the conservation of snow leopards is as indispensable as it is to
any other discipline. Unfortunately, their dual role was not exploited and so the involvement of
women in nature conservation is considered almost inappropriate and not up to the mark.
Mountainous people still live with their centuries old traditions and culture. Although with the
passage of time they are leaning towards modernization, still most of them are associated with
the centuries-old tradition of keeping livestock. These people take their livestock to the pastures
and thus share in the snow leopard's habitat. A large number of livestock grazing in the snow
leopard's habitat attracts this opportunistic animal to attack domestic animals. This is the point
where the conflict between snow leopards and livestock owners starts, with the snow leopard
killed in retaliation. Snow leopard depredation causes economic losses to the herders and
women, being the managers of the house, take the maximum impact. Keeping this fact in view,
a study was undertaken in the two demonstration sites of the snow leopard project in Chitral and
Gilgit. A specific questionnaire was used and information was collected from all the women
herders in the two demo sites. The study revealed that women have positive attitudes toward and
feel love for this precious animal. |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 481 |
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404 |
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