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Author Henschel, P.; Ray, J.
Title Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300
Abstract Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor Wildlife Conservation Society
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition (up) Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 515 Serial 382
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Author Spearing, A.
Title A Note on the Prospects for Snow Leopard Census Using Photographic Capture Type Conference Article
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords snow; leopard; photo; trap; camera; image; capture; 35mm; film; 5080
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Islt Editor
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Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 494 Serial 918
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Author Xu, A.; Jiang, Z.; Li, C.; Guo, J.; Da, S.; Cui, Q.; Yu, S.; Wu, G.
Title Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Gouli Region, Kunlun Mountains, China Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue Pages 460-463
Keywords Camera trapping,China,human-wildlife conflict,Kunlun Mountains,Panthera uncia,snow leopard,trace.
Abstract The elusive snow leopard Panthera unica is a rare and little studied species in China. Over 1 March-15 May 2006 we conducted a survey for the snow leopard in the Gouli Region, East Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, in an area of c. 300 km2 at altitudes of 4,000-4,700 m. We surveyed 29 linear transects with a total length of c. 440 km, and located a total of 72 traces (pug marks, scrapes and urine marks) of snow leopard along four of the transects. We obtained eight photographs of snow leopard from four of six camera traps. We also recorded 1,369 blue sheep, 156 Tibetan gazelles, 47 argali, 37 red deer and one male white-lipped deer. We evaluated human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing the heads of 27 of the 30 Tibetan households living in the study area. These local people did not consider that snow leopard is the main predator of their livestock, and thus there is little retaliatory killing. Prospects for the conservation of snow leopard in this area therefore appear to be good. We analysed the potential threats to the species and propose the establishment of a protected area for managing snow leopard and the fragile alpine ecosystem of this region. (c) 2008 Fauna & Flora International.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 900 Serial 1032
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Author McCarthy, T.; Murray, K.; Sharma, K.; Johansson, O.
Title Preliminary results of a long-term study of snow leopards in South Gobi, Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Autumn Issue 53 Pages 15-19
Keywords snow leopard, Mongolia, monitor, population, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, South Gobi, ecology, radio collar, GPS-satellite collar, home range, camera trapping, fecal genetics, occupancy modeling
Abstract Snow leopards Panthera uncia are under threat across their range and require urgent conservation actions based on sound science. However, their remote habitat and cryptic nature make them inherently difficult to study and past attempts have provided insufficient information upon which to base effective conservation. Further, there has been no statistically-reliable and cost-effective method available to monitor snow leopard populations, focus conservation effort on key populations, or assess conservation impacts. To address these multiple information needs, Panthera, Snow Leopard Trust, and Snow Leopard Conservation Fund, launched an ambitious long-term study in Mongolia’s South Gobi province in 2008. To date, 10 snow leo-pards have been fitted with GPS-satellite collars to provide information on basic snow leopard ecology. Using 2,443 locations we calculated MCP home ranges of 150 – 938 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals. Exploratory movements outside typical snow leopard habitat have been observed. Trials of camera trapping, fecal genetics, and occupancy modeling, have been completed. Each method ex-hibits promise, and limitations, as potential monitoring tools for this elusive species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1151
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Author Ming, M., Munkhtsog, B., McCarthy, T., McCarthy, K.
Title Monitor ing of Population Density of Snow Leopard in X injiang Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 79-83
Keywords Uncia uncia; snow leopard; monitoring method; trace; infrared camera; relative intensity
Abstract The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a very rare species in China. The survey of traces of snow leopard in Kunlun, Altay and Tianshan is them a instep of the Project of Snow Leopard in X injiang supported by the International Snow Leopard Trust ( SLT) and the Xinjiang Conservation Fund (XCF). During the field survey from 2004 to 2010, the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group ( XSLG) spent about 270 days in over 20 different places, covering over 150 transects totaling nearly 190 km, and found 1- 3 traces per kilometer. The traces of snow leopard recorded include dung, odor, chains of footprints, scraping, paw nail marks, lying mark, fur, urine, bloodstain, leftover of prey corpse, roaring and others. Based on tracer image analyses, the XSLG got to know primarily scopes of the domains, distribution and relative density of the snow leopard in these areas. Then the group began to take infrared photos, conducted survey of food sources of the leopards, investigated fur market and paths of trading, and cases of killing, and carry out civil survey through questionnaire, non government organization community service and research on conflicts between grazing and wild life protection. A total of 36 infrared came ras were laid out, working a total of about 2 094 days or 50 256 hours. A total 71 rolls of film were collected and developed, includ ing 32 clear pictures of snow leopards, thus making up a shooting rate or capture rate of 1.53%. It was ascertained that in Tomur Peak area, there were 5- 8 snow leopards roaming within a range of 250 km2, forming a population density of 2��0- 3��2 per 100 km2. After compar ing the various monitoring results, the advantages and limitations of different monitoring methods have been discussed.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Chinese Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition (up) Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1303
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Author Sharma, R.
Title Of Men and Mountain Ghosts: Glimpses from the Rooftop of the World Type Magazine Article
Year 2010 Publication GEO Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue 6 Pages 56-67
Keywords snow leopard, camera trap, Spiti, India, Sharma
Abstract Catching a glimpse of a snow leopard is a rare and exciting event for anyone. For researchers, hideen camera traps have become a vital tool in their work.
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Publisher GEO International Place of Publication India Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1139
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Author WWF Russia & Mongolia
Title WWF Altai-Sayan Newsletter Type Report
Year 2010 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 14 Pages
Keywords Altai Sayan, WWF, camera trap, Argut River, poaching, conservation, Tuva
Abstract A Snow Leopard – A Treasure of Tuva. A beautiful animal as a winner of a wide-scale public vote

WWF will train a Scat Detection Dog for snow leopard monitoring project

WWF assessed the possibility to fight illegal helicopter hunting

WWF considers support of antipoaching activities an essential part of wildlife conservation in Altai – Sayan

Snow Leopard Camera Trapping in Argut River Valley

“Stars” of Tuva appeal to Snow Leopard Conservation
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Corporate Author Communication Staff of Altai - Sayan Programme in Russia and Mongolia Thesis
Publisher WWF Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Area Expedition (up) Conference
Notes October-December 2010. Email: tivanitskaya@wwf.ru Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1297
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Author Simms, A., Moheb, Z., Salahudin, Ali, H., Ali, I. & Wood, T.
Title Saving threatened species in Afghanistan: snow leopards in the Wakhan Corridor Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication International Journal of Environmental Studies Abbreviated Journal
Volume 68 Issue 3 Pages 299-312
Keywords Snow leopard; Camera trap; Governance; Rangers; Corral; Insurance
Abstract The Wakhan Corridor in northeast Afghanistan is an area known for relatively abundant wildlife and it appears to represent Afghanistan’s most important snow leopard landscape. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has been working in Wakhan since 2006. Recent camera trap surveys have documented the presence of snow leopards at 16 different locations in the landscape. These are the first camera trap records of snow leopards in Afghanistan. Threats to snow leopards in the region include the fur trade, retaliatory killing by shepherds and the capture of live animals for pets. WCS is developing an integrated management approach for this species, involving local governance, protection by a cadre of rangers, education, construction of predator-proof livestock corrals, a livestock insurance program, tourism and research activities. This management approach is expected to contribute significantly to the conservation of snow leopards and other wildlife species in the Wakhan.
Address Wildlife Conservation Society, International Programs, 2300 Southern Blvd, New York 10460, USA
Corporate Author Wildlife Conservation Society Thesis
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1347
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Author Thapa, K., Pradhan, N, M, B., Barker, J., Dhakal, M., Bhandari, A, R., Gurung, G, S., Rai, D, P., Thapa, G, J., Shrestha, S., Singh, G, R.
Title High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue No 58 Pages 26-27
Keywords leopard cat, camera trapping survey, Nepal
Abstract During a camera trapping survey in Khambachen valley of Kangchenjunga Conservation

Area KCA from 24 April to 26 May 2012 we camera trapped one leopard cat

Prionailurus bengalensis at an altitude of 4,474 meter. This is probably the highest

altitudinal record for the species in its range. Additionally, one melanistic leopard

Panthera pardus was captured at an altitude of 4,300 m, which is probably as well the

highest documented record in the country. Yet at this stage, no obvious reason can

explain these unusual high records for both species, thus more surveys are recommended

for this region.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1394
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Author Ale, S., Shrestha, B., and Jackson, R.
Title On the status of Snow Leopard Panthera Uncia (Schreber 1775) in Annapurna, Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Journal of Threatened Taxa Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 6(3) Pages 5534-5543
Keywords Annapurna, Blue Sheep, Buddhism, camera-trapping, Himalayas, Mustang, sign-survey, Snow Leopard.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1407
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