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Author Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S.
Title A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication The Journal of Nutrition Abbreviated Journal
Volume 129 Issue Pages 380-390
Keywords captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal
Abstract Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized.

Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management.

Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation

categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically

from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated

from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as

low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were

classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total

serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely,

from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration

of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation

of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had

negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only

b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety

of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid

metabolism and function.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 257 Serial 896
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Author Wharton, D.; Freeman, H.
Title The Snow Leopard in North America: Captive Breeding Under the Species Survival PLan Type Conference Article
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 131-136
Keywords Species-Survival-Plan; captivity; breeding; genetics; zoos; studs; captive; browse; species; survival; plan; 1720
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher International Snow Leoaprd Trust and WIldlife Institute of India Place of Publication India Editor H.Freeman
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 134 Serial 1016
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Author Weilemann P.
Title Experiences in births of snow leopards in Zurich Zoo Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 111-116
Keywords birth; captive; International; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; zoo
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1043 Serial 1012
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Author Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T.
Title A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)  Type Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Molecular Ecology Notes Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 311-314
Keywords identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild
Abstract Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 865 Serial 1001
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Author Wahlberg, C.
Title Autopsy findings and causes of death in captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia): a preliminary report Type Book Chapter
Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2 Issue Pages 205-217
Keywords Autopsy; Death; captive; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Report; International; pedigree
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1095 Serial 998
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Author Vogt, P.
Title New enclosures for snow leopards (Uncia uncia) at Krefeld Zoo Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 67-70
Keywords captive; enclosures; International; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1041 Serial 988
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Author Velte, F.
Title Snow leopards at the Seneca Zoological Park, Rochester Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 55-58
Keywords captive; International; park; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; zoo; zoological
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1040 Serial 984
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Author Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B.
Title Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 42 Issue Pages 199-205
Keywords behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo
Abstract Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 910 Serial 943
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Author Stidworthy, M.F.; Lewis, J.C.M.; Penderis, J.; Palmer, A.C.
Title Progressive encephalomyelopathy and cerebellar degeneration in a captive-bred snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Record Abbreviated Journal
Volume 162 Issue Pages 522-524
Keywords captive; snow leopard; Uncia uncia
Abstract PROGRESSIVE encephalomyelopathy with cerebellar degeneration has been described in captive cheetahs (Palmer and others 2001) and in young domestic cats (Palmer and Cavanagh 1995). This case report describes the clinical and histopathological findings in a very similar condition affecting a young snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that had been born in a zoological park in eastern England as part of the globally coordinated breeding programme for this critically endangered species.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 922 Serial 937
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Author Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N.
Title Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Adv.Etho Abbreviated Journal
Volume 33 Issue Pages 43
Keywords abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management
Abstract Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management.
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Notes WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 349 Serial 897
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Author Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A.
Title Captive Management of the Snow Leopard Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 135-148
Keywords zoos; captivity; captive; management; husbandry; diet; social; behavior; housing; habitat; breeding; status; distribution; parasites; vaccination; quarantine; Disease; medical; veterinary; medicine; ceasarean; hand-rearing; browse; hand rearing; hand; rearing; 3550
Abstract
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Publisher Islt Place of Publication Usa Editor J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 265 Serial 1017
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Author Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Smith, R.C.; Lewis, C.R.
Title Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone, and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard (Panthera pardus) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1988 Publication Journal of Reproductive Fertility Abbreviated Journal
Volume 82 Issue Pages 43-49
Keywords captive; Ovulation; Panthera pardus; Progesterone; Serum; sexual behaviour
Abstract Three mature nulliparous female leopards were studied for 5 years. During three separate 6-month periods serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals. Oestradiol was elevated over 21 pg/ml for 54 weeks during these 3 periods, and 36 oestradiol peaks (65\m=.\8\m=+-\6\m=.\3pg/ml (mean \m=+-\s.e.m.), range 21\p=n-\172pg/ml) were identified. Daily frequency of feline reproductive behaviours averaged over each week increased from 1\m=.\9\m=+-\0\m=.\2(n = 93) during weeks with low serum oestradiol concentrations (<21 pg/ml) to 5\m=.\3\m=+-\0\m=.\6(n = 54) during weeks when serum oestradiol concentrations (>21 pg/ml) were high. Increased serum progesterone concentrations (13\p=n-\98n/gml) were observed on 5 occasions in 2 leopards housed together. These presumptive luteal phases lasted from 1 to 5 weeks. Baseline progesterone values were 1\m=.\6\m=+-\0\m=.\4 ng/m(nl= 131). No progesterone increments were observed in isolated animals, and serum concentrations remained at baseline levels. These limited observations suggest that female leopards do not require intromission to induce ovulation and luteal function. The average interval between oestradiol peaks for cycles with no progesterone increment was 3\m=.\4weeks (range 1\p=n-\6weeks). The interval for the 3 complete cycles associated with elevated progesterone concentrations was 7\m=.\3weeks. Analysis of sexual behaviours over the 5-year study period revealed no evidence of seasonality in these

captive leopards.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 923 Serial 873
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Author Ruedi, D.; Heldstab, A.; Wiesner, H.; Keller, P.
Title Liver cirrhosis in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia): Case histories of three animals and suggestion of some diagnostic possibilities Type Book Chapter
Year 1978 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 113-129
Keywords captive; Cirrhosis; diagnostic; history; International; Liver; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo
Abstract
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Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1039 Serial 835
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Author Riordan, P.
Title Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints Type Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 253-262
Keywords captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger
Abstract This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 896 Serial 823
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Author Rieger, I.
Title Breeding ounces, Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1775) in zoological gardens Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 49-50
Keywords breeding; captive; International; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo; zoological; zoological-gardens; zoological gardens
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1038 Serial 822
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Author Rieger, I.
Title Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia Type Book Chapter
Year 1978 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 1 Issue Pages 78-103
Keywords behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1037 Serial 818
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Author Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M.
Title Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal
Volume 25 Issue 10 Pages 386-391
Keywords behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300
Abstract The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 340 Serial 814
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Author Pokrovskiy V.S.
Title The role of zoos in conservation of rare predator mammal species Type Miscellaneous
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 54-56
Keywords snow leopard; captive breeding; Zoo.; 7950; Russian
Abstract Snow leopards are kept in 50 zoos worldwide, where some 70 animals were born. There are 26 snow leopards in 28 zoos of the USSR. The zoos of Chicago and Kaunas are specialized in breeding snow leopards.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 773 Serial 781
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Author Phillips, L.; Simmons, L.; Newton Kelley, E.
Title Endodontics as a tool to compatibility in snow leopard pairings Type Book Chapter
Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume 3 Issue Pages 127-128
Keywords breeding; captive; International; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1036 Serial 773
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Author Camp, V.
Title The winter pussycat Type Miscellaneous
Year 1976 Publication Zoosounds Abbreviated Journal
Volume XII Issue 1 Pages 6
Keywords snow leopard, captive, Oklahoma City Zoo
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1195
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Author Freeman, H.
Title Phantom cat Type Magazine Article
Year 1979 Publication Puget Soundings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 8-13
Keywords captive, zoo, Woodland Park Zoo, snow leopard
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Publisher Junior League of Seattle Place of Publication Seattle, Washington Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1288
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Author Woodland Park Zoological Gardens
Title Symposium held on snow leopard Type Magazine Article
Year 1982 Publication Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Newsletter Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-3
Keywords captive, zoo, snow leopard
Abstract
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Corporate Author Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Thesis
Publisher Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Place of Publication Seattle, Washington Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1286
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Author San Antonio News
Title The story of the three little kittens Type Magazine Article
Year 1975 Publication San Antonio News Abbreviated Journal
Volume I Issue 6 Pages
Keywords captive, zoo
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Publisher Place of Publication San Antonio, Texas Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Notes November/December issue Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1284
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Author Sadleir, R.M.F.S.
Title Notes on the reproduction in the larger felidae Type Book Chapter
Year 1966 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume II Issue Pages 184-187
Keywords captive, zoo, reproduction
Abstract Zoological Society of London
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1277
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Author Bower, J.N.
Title For some endangered species, captive breeding programs are their last chance for life Type Magazine Article
Year 1980 Publication National Parks and Conservation Magazine Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue June Pages 16-19
Keywords snow leopard, captive breeding
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1209
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