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Author Blomqvist, L.
Title The global snow leopard population in captivity 2001 Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 8 Issue Pages 21-24
Keywords captivity; global; population; snow leopard
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 919 Serial 171
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Author Blomqvist, L.; Dexel, B.
Title In Focus: Declining numbers of wild snow leopards Type Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication EAZA Zoo News Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 26-27
Keywords asia; Cites; conflict; habitat loss; herder; laws; poaching; protection; snow leopard; threat; trade; Uncia uncia
Abstract International collaboration to ensure the long-term survival of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the wild is today more acutely needed than ever! Trade in live snow leopards, their skins and bones, has during the last decade reached such extensiveness that the species is in danger of being wiped out from many of its former habitats. All recent surveys support declining populations throughout most of their range.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 887 Serial 172
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Author Bower, J.N.
Title Shy, elusive, struggling to survive: the snow leopard Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication The Explorer Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 9-11
Keywords snow leopard
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 985 Serial 187
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Author Braden, K.
Title Snow leopard conservation in the USSR Type Magazine Article
Year 1988 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume Fall Issue Pages 2-2
Keywords conservation; snow leopard; Ussr
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Editor (down)
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 962 Serial 191
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Author Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T.
Title Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 27 Issue Pages 78-85
Keywords desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 905 Serial 196
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Author Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
Title Steroid Metabolism and the Effectiveness of Fecal Assays for Assessing Reproductive Status in Felids Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Biology of Reproduction Abbreviated Journal
Volume 50 Issue suppl 1 Pages 185
Keywords fecal-analysis; breeding; reproduction; medicine; medical; zoo; zoos; veterinary; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; fecal; analysis; 1420
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Notes Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, July 24-27, 1994 Call Number: QP251 .B56 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 203 Serial 197
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Author Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H.
Title Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue Pages 74-83
Keywords behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo
Abstract This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 915 Serial 202
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Author Chalise, M.K.; Shakya, P.R.
Title EDITORIAL: Snow Leopard Investigation in Langtang Type Journal Article
Year 2002 Publication Nahson Bulletin Abbreviated Journal
Volume 12-13 Issue 2002-2003 Pages 1-1
Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Langtang
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Publisher Natural History Society of Nepal Place of Publication Kathmandu Editor (down)
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1097 Serial 210
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Author Chalise, M.K.
Title Nepalka Samrakshit Banyajantu (Nepal's Protected Wildlife in Nepali language) Type Book Whole
Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 106-108
Keywords government; language; leopard; leopards; Nepal; protected; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; wildlife
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Publisher Shajha Prakashan Place of Publication Lalitpur, Kathmandu Editor (down)
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Notes In Nepalese language only. Includes only the chapter on snow leopards and the book cover. The book is published by a government corporate house of publication. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1058 Serial 211
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Author Clyde, V.L.; Ramsay, E.C.; Bemis, D.A.
Title Fecal shedding of Salmonella in exotic felids Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication J.Zoo Wildl.Med Abbreviated Journal
Volume 28 Issue 2 Pages 148-152
Keywords antibiotics; captive-animal-care; diarrhea; endangered; threatened-species; handling-methods; mammals parasites; Diseases; salmonella; zoos; snow-leopard; leopard; salmonellosis; husbandry; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; mammals; parasites; snow; browse; 1320
Abstract The authors discuss the occurrence of salmonellosis in collections of exotic felids. Data suggest that zoo employees having contact with cat feces or raw diets have a high rate of occupational exposure to Salmonella and should exercise appropriate hygienic precautions. pcp
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Notes Milwaukee Cty. Zoo, Milwaukee, WI 53226 Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 304 Serial 227
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Author Desch, C.
Title A new species of hair follicle mite (Acari: Demodecidae) from the snow leopard, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) (Felidae) Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication International Journal of Acarology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 19 Issue 1 Pages 63-67
Keywords snow-leopard; mites; mite; zoo; zoos; veterinary; medical; medicine; snow leopard; browse; 1440
Abstract A new species of Demodex is described, in all instars, from the rare and endangered snow leopard, Panthera uncia. This represents only the second demodecid from the family Felidae and the first from a wild cat species. The mite specimens were taken from juvenile hosts raised in captivity. Demodex uncii sp. nov. closely resembles Demodex cati.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 190 Serial 236
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Author Dexel, B.
Title Snow leopard conservation: a NABU project in Kyrgyzstan Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 35 Issue 4 Pages 354-355
Keywords conservation; Kyrgyzstan; Nabu; project; snow leopard
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Notes Conservation news section. NABU (German Society for Conservation) project. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 992 Serial 238
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Author Dexel, B.
Title Snow Leopard Conservation In Kyrgyzstan: Enforcement, Education and Research Activities By the German Society for Nature Conservation (NABU) Type Conference Article
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords kyrgystan; fur; traders; enforcement; conservation; Nabu; snow; leopard; strategy; illegal; trade; bones; law; education; environmental; 4920
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Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival Summit Place of Meeting: Seattle,WA Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 478 Serial 239
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Author Dexel, B.
Title The illegal trade in snow leopards – a global perspective Type Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 8 Issue Pages 5-17
Keywords conservation; german; Germany; global; illegal; illegal-trade; leopard; leopards; nature; nature conservation; project; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopard project; snow leopards; trade
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Notes Coordinator Snow Leopard Project, German Society for Nature Conservation, Berlin, Germany. Email: birga.dexel@nabu.de Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 916 Serial 240
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Author Dyikanova, C.
Title A public awareness outreach programme on Snow Leopards for the Kyrgyz Republic, Final Report Type Report
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-4
Keywords project; awareness; local; local people; people; staff; Base; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; ecology; threats; threat; Kyrgyzstan; regional; areas; area; public; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; republic; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; community
Abstract The principle goal of the project was to raise awareness of local people, staff of frontier posts,

customs and foreign military base on snow leopard, and its conservation. In the framework of the

project the following steps were to be executed:

A) To disseminate printing materials: a booklet, poster, card and calendar.

b) To publish articles on snow leopard ecology and conservation issues and threats in

Kyrgyzstan regional newspapers (Issyk-Kul, Osh, and Chui areas)

C) To hold follow-up meeting with target groups

D) To evaluate project results
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Notes Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Community and Business Forum, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1066 Serial 248
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Author Espinosa-Aviles, D.; Taylor, M.L.; Del Rocio Reyes-Montes, M.; Pe'rez-Torrez, A.
Title Molecular findings of disseminated histoplasmosis in two captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 2008 Publication Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 39 Issue Pages 450-454
Keywords captive; histoplasmosis; Immunohistochemistry; Molecular; snow leopard; Uncia uncia
Abstract This paper reports two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in captive snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Histoplasmosis was diagnosed based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular findings.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 907 Serial 268
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Author Fix, A.S.; Riordan, D.P.; Hill, H.T.; Gill, M.A.; Evans, M.B.
Title Feline panleukopena virus and subsequent canine-distemper virus infection in two snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 273-281
Keywords diagnosis; fecal; Fpv; leukemia; panleukopenia; panthera uncia; snow leopard; therapy; vaccination; veterinary; Virus; zoo
Abstract Two adult snow leopards (Panthera uncia), male and female, both with vaccinations current, became infected with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) at the Blank Park Zoo, Des Moines, Iowa, in late 1988. Clinical signs included weakness, hemorrhagic feces, fever, seizures, and nasal discharge. Blood analysis revealed severe lymphopenia and mild anemia. A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for FPV on fecal contents from the male leopard confirmed the diagnosis. In spite of intensive therapy, both animals died. Necropsy of the female, which survived for 1 wk after onset of signs, revealed intestinal crypt necrosis, pulmonary consolidation, necrotizing laryngitis, and diffuse lymphoid depletion. The male leopard, which lived 3 wk after onset of illness, had similar enteric and lymphoid lesions. In addition, there was a severe interstitial pneumonia, with syncytial cells containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Ultrastructural characteristics of these inclusions featured tubular structures consistent with a paramyxovirus. Although repeated virus isolation attempts from the affected lung were negative, polyclonal and monoclonal fluorescent antibody tests were strongly positive for canine distemper virus (CDV). Frozen paired sera from each leopard demonstrated very high acute and convalescing titers to FPV; both animals also seroconverted to CDV, with titers in the male leopard higher than those in the female. Additional tests for toxoplasmosis, feline infectious peritonitis, feline rhinotracheitis, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia, canine parainfluenza, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were all negative. The neurologic signs present in these leopards remained unexplained, but may have been attributable to CDV infection. A feral cat trapped on zoo property had feces positive for FPV by ELISA. Although the specific contributions of FPV and CDV toward the development of this case are unknown, it is likely that initial FPV-induced immunosuppression allowed the subsequent development of CDV in these snow leopards. The likelihood that initial FPV infection came from feral cats underscores the importance of feral animal control on zoo premises.
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Notes Addresses:FIX AS, IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011BLANK PK ZOO,DES MOINES,IA 50315NORDEN LABS INC,LINCOLN,NE 68501NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010 Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Connective Phrase: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 147 Serial 277
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Author Fox, J.
Title A Review of the Status and Ecology of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Miscellaneous
Year 1989 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords 5440; status; ecology; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Editor (down)
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Notes Booklet Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 528 Serial 285
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Author Fox, J.L.
Title Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 18
Keywords asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640
Abstract During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh.
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Notes AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 309 Serial 310
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Author Freeman, H.
Title A preliminary study of the behaviour of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Book Chapter
Year 1974 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue Pages 217-222
Keywords study; behaviour; captive; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; International; zoo
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1010 Serial 313
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Author Freeman, H.
Title The view from here: permit hunting of snow leopards Type Magazine Article
Year 1990 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Winter Pages 2-3
Keywords hunting; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Editor (down)
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 964 Serial 323
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Author Ganhar, J.
Title The Wildlife of Ladakh Type Book Whole
Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Ladakh; snow-leopard; preserves; preserve; park; parks; refuge; protected-area; Hemis; snow leopard; browse; protected; area; 1920
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Publisher Haramukh Publications Place of Publication Srinagar, India Editor (down)
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Notes ProCite field [12]: (1979) Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 48 Serial 331
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Author Government of India
Title The snow leopard conservation scheme Type Report
Year 1988 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-29
Keywords conservation; environment; government; India; snow leopard
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Notes Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 945 Serial 340
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Author Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M.
Title Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 223-237
Keywords Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390
Abstract An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.
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Notes Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 279 Serial 345
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Author Green, M.J.B.
Title Protected areas and snow leopards: their distribution and status Type Journal Article
Year 1987 Publication Tiger Paper Abbreviated Journal
Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages 1-10
Keywords Central Asia; conserve; conserving; distribution; endangered species; network; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; protected; protected-area; protected areas; snow leopard; status; protected area; protected-areas; areas; area; snow; snow leopards; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; symposium; India
Abstract Considerable efforts have been devoted to conserving the snow leopard Panthera uncia in recent years, but progress has inevitably been slow due to the difficulties of studying a sparsely distributed, secretive and endangered species in often isolated mountainous terrain. Although knowledge about the species overall distribution in the highlands of Central Asia still remains fragmenatry, it is important to briefly examine all the available information in order to review measures taken to date to conserve the species through the protected areas network. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution and status of protected areas inhabited or visited by snow leopard in relation to the species' distribution and highlight deficiences in the present network.
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Notes Presented at 5th International Snow Leopard Symposium held in Srinagar, India, from 13-15 October 1986. Also published in conference proceedings. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 965 Serial 347
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