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Author Gurung, Gand T.K.
Title Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) and Human Interaction in Phoo Village in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords phoo; annapurna conservation area; Nepal; livestock; human interaction; conflict management; yaks; goats; sheep; horse; corral; 5280
Abstract Phoo village in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in Nepal is located at 4,052 m als physically

in the central north of the country. Livestock keeping is the main activity of the people for making a

living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of

livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless

the people – snow leopard conflict is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities

are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard – especially the

existence of snow leopard in this part of the world -will be in question. This has now become an

utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and

the area has been opened to tourism since spring 2002. In addition to this, the globalisation process has

directly and indirectly affected the traditional resource management practices and co-existence

strategies of many traditional societies including Phoo.

The livestock depredation for 3 years (2001 – 2004) by snow leopard was studied by interviewing the

herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and socio-economic factors. The study

revealed that goats are most depredated species followed by sheep. Winter months (January – April)

and winter pastures are most vulnerable to snow leopard predation. Presence of bushes, forest and

boulders make good hides for snow leopard resulting into high depredation. The study also showed

that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow

leopard.

The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most

important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the economy of Phoo it is still not

well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. This requires further study.

Proper guarding system is required especially in winter season in winter pastures. It is also suggested

that there should be changes in the composition of livestock species by promoting more yaks and

discouraging or minimising goats. Yaks and large animals are less depredated and small animals like

goats and sheep are highly depredated by snow leopard. A trend was also observed in Phoo village

where there is an increase in the number of yaks and a decrease in the number of goats over last few

years. This could be a management response of the herders to livestock depredation. Other protective

measures of the livestock at the corrals have also been recommended including promotion of guard

dogs and other measures.

Since the area is opened for tourism, it is suggested that the tourism opportunity for the economic

development of the area should be grasped so that the heavy dependence on livestock raising would be

minimised. This will help minimise the number of human – snow leopard conflicts.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 513 Serial 363
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Author Hillard, D.
Title Update on the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project Type Miscellaneous
Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume No. 8 Issue Pages
Keywords Nepal; Himalaya; Jackson; collars; research; telemetry; yeowls; roars; mating-call; Langu; cubs; radio; field-work; surveys; tracking; behavior; browse; 4830
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 470 Serial 383
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Author International Snow Leopard Trust
Title International Snow Leopard Trust, Conservation and Education Program for 1999 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords education; conservation; livestock; corrals; pens; predator; prey; poaching; hunting; depredation; Dna; Mongolia; Macne; Slims; gobi; Tibet; Qomolangma; Nepal; Bhutan; China; Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Wwf; browse; 4030
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 365 Serial 406
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
Title A preliminary habitat suitability model for the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in West Nepal Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 43-52
Keywords Nepal; Himalaya; habitat; browse; modeling; predator; prey; diet; reproduction; interspersion; cover; herders; livestock; habitat-suitability-model; Human; 2650
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 404 Serial 434
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
Title Observation on Movements and Home Range of the Snow Leopard, (Panthera Uncia) In the Langu Gorge, West Nepal Type Miscellaneous
Year 1987 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume No. 13 Issue Pages
Keywords tracking; radio-tracking; collars; behavior; home-range; Nepal; browse; 4790
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Islt Place of Publication Seattle Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 466 Serial 440
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
Title Snow leopards (Panthera- uncia) in Nepal – home range and movements Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication National Geographic Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 161-175
Keywords Nepal; asia; home-range; movements; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; home; range; home range; panthera; panthera uncia; uncia; 840
Abstract
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Addresses:JACKSON R, CALIF INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SNOW LEOPARD PROJECT,910 K ST,DAVIS,CA 95616 Publisher:NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC, WASHINGTON Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 128 Serial 441
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
Title The role of protected areas in Nepal in maintaining viable populations of snow leopards Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue Pages 51-69
Keywords Nepal; conservation; management; parks; park; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; island-biology-theory; population-limits; habitat; suitability; 3040
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 165 Serial 444
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.; Shah, K.B.
Title Capture and Immobilization of wild snow leopards Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 6 Issue Pages 93-102
Keywords capture; immobilization; trapping; browse; traps; snares; ketamine; hydrochloride; Nepal; research; 3370
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text at URL Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 169 Serial 445
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Author Jackson, R.; Nepali, H.S.; Sherpa, A.R.
Title Aspects of wildlife protection and utilization in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area Type Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 76
Keywords protected-area; conservation; park; parks; reserve; refuge; Nepal; Makalu-Barun; browse; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; makalu barun; makalu; barun; 3380
Abstract
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes The Makalu-Barun Conservation Project Working Paper Publication Series 11. Kathmandu, Nepal Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 170 Serial 446
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn G.; Ale S.; Gurung D.; Gurung M.; Yadav
Title Reducing Livestock Depredation in the Nepalese Himalaya: Case of the Annapurna Conservation Area Type Miscellaneous
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords reducing; livestock; depreadation; nepalese; Himalaya; annapurna conservation area; 2090
Abstract In the Nepalese Himalaya, conflict with rural communities due to livestock predation to large carnivores like snow leopard, common leopard, wolf and wild dog has risen sharply in recent years. This increase is attributed to a number of factors, including implementation and enforcement of wildlife protection laws (which have permitted a recovery in carnivore numbers), the creation of protected areas (which serve as refuges from which predators can populate the surrounding area), the depletion of natural prey due to poaching and loss of habitat, and lax livestock herding practices. However, little information is presently available upon which to design remedial programs. U.S. AID provided research funding for an in-depth assessment of snow leopard predation in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), an new innovative approach to nature conservation. Baseline information on livestock numbers and mortality were gathered during household interviews, followed by field surveys to assess animal husbandry systems, map pastures, establish periods of use and estimate stocking rates, and to characterize habitat using randomly located plots. Data substantiate the existence of depredation “hotspots”, where high loss occurs, in some cases exceeding 14% to 20% of the livestock population over a short period. Losses varied seasonally, and from year to year. Small-bodied stock like goat and sheep were more vulnerable than large-bodied stock like yak, although horses were especially vulnerable. Factors most closely associated with predation included lack of guarding (or very lax supervision), especially during the daytime, and repeated use of pastures where livestock depredators were known to be actively hunting. Herders usually reacted to repeated depredation incidents by attempting to trap or shoot the suspected culprit until losses declined to an acceptable level. As large carnivore populations become increasingly fragmented and genetically isolated, new management strategies are urgently needed, especially within the buffer zones and intervening corridors between separated parks and reserves. People reside within nearly all Himalayan protected areas, and such issues as loss of livestock and competition between wildlife and livestock cannot be avoided. A plan is offered for alleviating livestock loss in the Annapurna Conservation Area that involves local institutions in decision-making, rewards sound husbandry practices, strengthens indigenous institutions, without further eroding ACAP’s unique biological diversity and diverse carnivore population. The authors believe these measures and ideas could be fruitfully extended to other parts of the Himalaya.
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Notes Unpublished Report prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development, King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation. BioSystems Analysis, Tiburon, California. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 219 Serial 451
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