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Author |
Koshkarev, E.; Vyrypaev, V. |
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The snow leopard after the break-up of the Soviet Union |
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2000 |
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Cat News |
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32 |
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9-11 |
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Ussr; Soviet-Union; survival; Extermination; endanger; poaching; Sociology; Russia; snow-leopard; browse; Uzbekistan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; ecomomics; politics; herders; unting; trading; furs; pelts; agriculture; 40 |
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Full text at URLDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 378 |
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566 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection |
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1989 |
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100 p. |
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Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian |
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Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 702 |
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558 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Snow Leopard News Spring 1999 |
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1999 |
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Snow Leopard News |
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Chitrol-Gol; Pakistan; Turner-foundation-grant; zoos; cooperation; conservation; Islt; Jackson; Slims; Singh; indictator-species; prey; browse; 4400 |
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Islt |
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Seattle, WA |
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Full Text at URLTable of Contents1.Chitrol Gol National Park, Pakistan Febuary 19992.ISLT Recieves Turner Foundation Grant3.ISLT and Zoos Continue Link for Conservation Success4.News and Notes5.Field Notes6.Jay Singh7.Snow Leopard Spot |
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SLN @ rana @ 428 |
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925 |
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Author |
Abdusalamov I.A. |
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Title |
Required protection measures for rare and endangered vertebrate species in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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N 2 (143) |
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40-48 |
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Tajikistan; vertebrates; protected areas; endangered species; snow leopard.; 5840; Russian |
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The network of Tajikistan's protected areas (four nature reserves, 14 national and 18 regional sanctuaries, one national park) is described. The establishment of `Shakhristan state complex nature reserve' and `Sarykamish state complex reserve', and interstate nature complex park on northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is recommended to improve conservation practices for a number of endangered vertebrate animal species in Northern Tajikistan (such as brown bear, snow leopard, wild sheep, and others). |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: News of the Academy of Science of Tajikistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 563 |
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29 |
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Zhirjakov, V.A. |
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On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) |
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1990 |
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Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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25-30 |
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Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 |
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Full text available at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 168 |
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1078 |
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Author |
Yanushevich A.I. |
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Title |
Mammals of Kyrgyzstan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1972 |
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377-380 |
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Kyrgyzstan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; number; life history characteristics; practical use.; 8640; Russian |
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A description of snow leopard, its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, number, behavior, food, reproduction, parasites, infections, and practical importance is given. In Kyrgyzstan, irbis was found in the Chatkal, Kyrgyz, Talas ridges, and Terskei Alatoo. An official annual snow leopard hunting rate ranged from 10 (1955) to 54 skins (in 1936) in 1930-s through 1950-s. 17 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export only in 1965-1966. Its skin has no special value and is used by local people for decoration of dwellings and making collars. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 841 |
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1055 |
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Author |
Voronov A.G. |
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Predatory mammals |
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Miscellaneous |
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1985 |
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233-235 |
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predators; mountains; endangered species; Red Data bok; snow leopard.; 8540; Russian |
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Predatory mammal in mountains are submitted by widely widespread species, such, as wolves, to a lynx and bears, and characteristic species for the high mountains, well adapted to mountain conditions and not going down below Alpine zone (a snow leopard, or irbis, occupying mountains of the Central Asia, etc.). |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biogeography of the world. |
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SLN @ rana @ 831 |
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994 |
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Uchitelskaya gazeta. |
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Title |
Return of snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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1984 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar ridge; Kyzylsu nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8440; Russian |
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10 snow leopards have settled in western extremities of the Hissar ridge. Almost 25 years ago, disturbed by anthropogenic activity, this rarest fauna representative abandoned the area being threatened. In a habitat usual for this species have now been created the Kyzylsu and Miraki nature reserves and the species is now rendering the highlands inhabitable again. Wild boar, Turkestan lynx, long-tailed marmot, snow leopard and black vulture, a total of 200 animal and bird species, can be found now in this area. |
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January 3 1984 |
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Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Newspaper Uchitelskaya gazeta. |
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SLN @ rana @ 821 |
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977 |
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Tsherbakov B.V. |
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About rare and endangered mammal species in the East Kazakhstan region |
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Miscellaneous |
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1982 |
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203-204 |
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Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan province; distribution; number; rare species; snow leopard.; 8400; Russian |
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Given is data concerning numbers and distribution of yellow lemming on the Korjun cape and in the Karakas tract; dhole in the tundra zoneof the Azu-Tau ridge (South Alati) between Matabay and Urunkhaikoy, in the Salkanchok mountains; concering an encounter with snow leopard (March 25, 1981) in the upper river Bukhtarma near eastern extremity of the South Altai ridge, and argali in the mountain group Kalby-Baicha, the Taldy, Koktau, Monraka mountains (an area between Kusty and Kizil-Gain), near summit Shorbas. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems. |
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SLN @ rana @ 818 |
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972 |
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Sultanov G.S. |
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Title |
Animals protection, reproduction and use |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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30-37 |
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Uzbekistan; fauna; extinct; close to extinct; rare species; snow leopard; conservation measures; territorial protection.; 8340; Russian |
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Caspian tiger, cheetah, moral have disappeared from the region's fauna. Species such as hyena, leopard, manul are endangered, honey badger and caracal available only on the south of Karakalpakstan, lynx, snow leopard and saiga are rare species. The implemented protection measures helped Iranian otter, Bukhara red deer, marchor, and Severtsev's sheep escape a total extermination. To preserve many valuable animals in Uzbekistan small investments in their habitats improvement are required. Nature reserves and preserves occupy a total area of more than 220,000 ha in the country. All rare species of Central Asia's fauna are under protection of the state. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 812 |
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944 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Snow Leopard News Fall 2001 |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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Snow Leopard News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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seattle; fund-raising; volunteers; annual-appeal; Woodland-Park-Zoo; Tserendeleg; Mongolia; Macne; Islt; Pakistan; Afganastan; Malik; September-11th; war; conservation; China; Slims; Tnc; Yunnan; Slss; Snow-Leopard-Survival-Summit; Sullenberger; Munktsog; irbis-enterprises; Cnn; Abc; tourism; travel; crafts; Dolijinsuren; browse; 4340 |
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Islt |
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Seattle, WA |
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Full Text at URLTable of Contents:1.Thanks Again to Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle2.Mongolia's Conservation Leader Passed Away3.The Presence of the Trust4.ISLT and the Nature Conservancy Team up in China5.Snow Leopard Survival Summit Postponed6.Mongolia's Snow Leopards in the News7.Volunteers for Snow Leopards8.From Cozzy Mitts to Tea Cozies |
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SLN @ rana @ 422 |
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932 |
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Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association |
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Title |
Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 |
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2010 |
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nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology |
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In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,
zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as
reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial
operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,
Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from
September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made
the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that
administrative units have been increased and territories of
administrative units have been diminished. There have been four
provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation
limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than
ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.
Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of
species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in
banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,
Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing
in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently
necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures
into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across
hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.
Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national
cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of
cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of
Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify
popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of
agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central
Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December
16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of
1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %
of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals
amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total
animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article
mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in
Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such
number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into
five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult
animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally
in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food
of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main
nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the
soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of
secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of
ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt
one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for
domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big
game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and
hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.
Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give
prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly
it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15
USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially
picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow
leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack
domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of
ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting
wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't
consider it had been right since it was natural event. However
population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought
and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has
never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million
heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in
its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of
domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild
animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards
correctly with low costs. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1100 |
Serial |
705 |
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Author |
Sokolov V.E. |
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Title |
Snow leopard genus |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1979 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
238-240 |
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Keywords |
snow leopard; taxonomy; species range; habitats; reproduction; diet; Pregnancy; birth; cubs; lifetime; endangered species.; 8240; Russian |
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Abstract |
Genus Uncia has only one species snow leopard. Described is the length of body, length of tail, body weight, colour, skull, number of teeth, habitat, reproduction, and life expectancy. This species has no essential practical value and is included in the Red Data Book as an endangered species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Taxonomy of mammals. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 802 |
Serial |
907 |
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Author |
Shnitnikov V.N. |
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Title |
Rocks and taluses. Alpine meadows. Economic value of local animals |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1934 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
Part. 1. South Kazakhstan. |
Issue |
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Pages |
86-88 |
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Keywords |
Kazakhstan; mountains; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 8140; Russian |
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Abstract |
It reviews fauna of rocks, taluses, and alpine meadows of South Kazakhstan. The most typical mammal of rocks and taluses are picas (I¤hotona rutila and I. macrotis), ibex (¥…dr… sibirica), and snow leopard (Felis irbis). Besides, snow leopard, along with Tien Shan bear (Ursus l†u¤Œn¢o), ibex, mountain wolf (¥uŒn alpinus) and others, is met in the alpine meadow zone. Zoo-export of snow leopards to the zoos does not result in extermination of the animals but generates income. Various animal species are subject to trade as zoos do not limit their collections with some specific species or groups; quite the contrary they are interested in obtaining each species. Valuable animals exported from Kazakhstan are tiger, snow leopard, Tien-Shan bear, argali, and mountain wolf. The latter costs 1,000 roubles in gold, and argali even 1,500 roubles. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 792 |
Serial |
885 |
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Author |
Reading, R.P.; Mix, H.M.; Badamjaviin L.; Feh, L.; Kane, D.; Dulamtseren, S.; Enkhbold S. |
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Title |
Status and distribution of khulan Equus hemionus in Mongolia |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
254 |
Issue |
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Pages |
381-389 |
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Keywords |
gobi; Equus hemionus; Khulan; Mongolia; wild ass; 5240 |
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Abstract |
The Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus, or khulan, once ranged across much of Central Asia, but is now globally threatened. The largest free-ranging populations are now restricted to a 250-km wide area (range 100ñ400 km) across the Gobi Desert region of southern Mongolia. Over the last 23 years the population has moved further north and east into its former range. Surveys conducted in the 1970s and 1980s estimated that the Mongolian population contained fewer than 15 000 animals and was declining as a result of human exploitation and livestock competition. Aerial surveys (one in autumn 1994, two in spring 1997) were flown as line transects over portions of the khulan's range in Mongolia and ground surveys (’ve in spring, summer, and autumn 1994ñ97) were conducted by vehicle and foot. Sample sizes and areas surveyed were larger than previous surveys, and our methods were often more systematic. Population size was estimated at 33 000ñ63 000 wild asses in Mongolia. Animal density ranged from 4.2 a 1.3 to 19.1a 3.2 per 100 km2. Mean group size ranged from four to 35 animals in the south-western Gobi, four to seven animals in the southern Gobi, and three to 18 in the south-eastern Gobi. Our data suggest that Mongolia is the most important stronghold for the conservation of E. hemionus. Conservation management continues to be challenging because intensive studies on khulan biology and ecology are just beginning. As a freemarket economy continues to emerge in Mongolia, pressure from resource extraction interests and nomadic livestock herders to remove the khulan's protected status, permit harvesting and halt population growth and expansion, also makes implementation of research and conservation management programs more imperative. |
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Full text available at URL |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 509 |
Serial |
813 |
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Author |
Rashek V.A. |
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Title |
The Chatkal State nature reserve. Aksu Jabagly nature reserve |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
157-161 |
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Keywords |
Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Chatkal nature reserve; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; landscape; flora; fauna; birds; mammals; rare species; snow leopard.; 8040; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes history of the Chatkal and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves' establishment and provides data concerning hydrography, soils, climate, landscapes, altitude zoning, flora and fauna, and main aspects of scientific work. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 782 |
Serial |
806 |
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Author |
Poyarkov, A.D.; Samoylova, G.S.; Subbotin, A.E. |
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Title |
Evaluation of Potential Habitats of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia, Schreb.) In Altay-Khangay-Sayan Region and in Territory of Russian Federation: GIS Approach |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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Keywords |
snow; leopard; uncia; habitat; Forest; desert; tundra; territory; landscape; steppe; alpine; gorge; valley; land; use; region; potential; area; 5040 |
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Islt |
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Islt |
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Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle, WA |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 490 |
Serial |
788 |
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Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1976 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
82-98 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian |
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Abstract |
It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 772 |
Serial |
780 |
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Author |
Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Title |
Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1995 |
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Pages |
167-168 |
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Keywords |
Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7840; Russian |
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Abstract |
This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950. |
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Full text available in Russian |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 762 |
Serial |
761 |
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Author |
Naumov S.P. |
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Title |
The cats – Felidae. Mountain regions of USSR |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1948 |
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59-61 |
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Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7740 |
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Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Leopardus (Pardus) pardus and Unci uncia) is given. In USSR snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle Asia and Altai. |
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1950Journal Title: Biology of game animals and birds of USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 752 |
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719 |
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Author |
Bobrinskiy N.A. |
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Title |
Preditors (Carnivora). The mountains of Central Asia |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1938 |
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Pages |
233-234 |
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Central Asia; mountain system; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 6340; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes fauna of the Tien Shan, Pamir and Hissar mountains of Central Asia. The mountains of Central Asia. Ibex (Capra sibirica) and snow leopard (Uncia uncia) are listed among other inhabitants of highlands in Tien Shan and Pamir Hissar. |
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1938 |
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Russian |
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Full text available in Russian Journal Title: A course of zoology. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 612 |
Serial |
181 |
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Author |
Fox, J.L. |
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Title |
An ecological survey of the proposed Langtang National Park |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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Langtang; park; parks; reserve; refuge; reserves; Nepal; protected-area; browse; protected; area; 2340 |
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Reports probable sighn of snow leopard at two high elevation points in the Langtang National Park |
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English |
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A report to the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Office, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 26 |
Serial |
287 |
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Author |
Formozov A.N. |
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Title |
Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1990 |
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83-84 |
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Migration; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6740; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Snow cover in life of mammals and birds. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 652 |
Serial |
283 |
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Author |
Esipov A.V. |
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Title |
Distribution and Numbers of the Siberian Ibex in the Hissar Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2002 |
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76-78 |
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Uzbekistan; Hisssar nature reserve; wild ibex; distribution; number; predators; snow leopard.; 6640; Russian |
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Abstract |
It describes distribution and number of ibex in four parts of the Hissar nature reserve in Uzbekistan. The total number of ibex is estimated to be 1,500 animals. The natural enemies of ibex are snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Data about ibex's food, seasonal migrations, and threats are given. Decreasing forage reserve and poaching are considered as the most serious threats. A buffer zone is suggested to be established in the areas adjacent to Tajikistan and the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Necessity of nature protection in South Uzbekistan. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 642 |
Serial |
258 |
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Author |
Kaletskiy A.A. |
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Title |
May-“traven” |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1974 |
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Pages |
60-75 |
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Ussr; flora; fauna; snow leopard; use.; 7040; Russian |
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Abstract |
Diverse flora and fauna and seasonal phenomena in nature are stated in a popular form. Snow leopard is noticed to be a rare species, its population being significantly influenced by catching for zoos: over 400 snow leopards have been caught for this purpose over the last 35 years. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Kaleidoscope of naturalist. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 682 |
Serial |
511 |
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Permanent link to this record |