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Author |
Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Oecologia |
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1-10 |
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browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya |
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Abstract |
Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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Online |
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This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1062 |
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951 |
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Author |
Chundawat, R.S.; Qureshi, Q. |
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Planning Wildlife Conservation in Leh and Kargil Districts of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir |
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1999 |
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92 p. |
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Ladakh; Jammu; Kashmir; conservation; planning; browse; 1870 |
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Dehradun, India |
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Draft Report submitted to Wildlife Institute of India
Title, Analytic: Planning Wildlife Conservation in Leh and Kargil Districts of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir.
ProCite field [12]: (1999) |
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SLN @ rana @ 358 |
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226 |
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Wharton, D. |
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Endangered Species Update |
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1997 |
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Endangered Species Update |
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14 |
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11 |
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13 |
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Species-Survival-Plan; zoo; breeders; captivity; Asa; Ssp; browse; species survival plan; species; survival; plan; 1100; endangered; endangered species; endangered-species |
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The snow leopard is listed as endangered, although most of its high mountain habitat remains untouched. However the ability of humans to exploit wildlife has led to it being endangered. Serious attempts to keep snow leopards in captivity began in 1891, but it was not until the 1950s that cubs survived long enough to become breeders. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (ASA) Snow Leopard Species Survival Plan (SSP) was set up in 1984, achieving success with breeding goals. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 335 |
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1019 |
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Anonymous |
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Snow leopard management plan of Mongolia (draft) |
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Report |
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2000 |
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1-18 |
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snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; management; plan; Mongolia; Report; world wildlife fund; world-wildlife-fund; wildlife; country; countries; Uvs; protected; protected area; protected-area; area; administration; nature; environment; 2000 |
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Report prepared in collaboration among the World Wildlife Fund Mongolia country office, Uvs Nuur Protected Area Administration, the Ministry of Nature and the Environment, and concerned agencies and individuals. March 2000. Draft. |
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SLN @ rana @ 993 |
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91 |
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Author |
Kotlyar V.V. |
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The Sary Chelek nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1973 |
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15 |
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Kyrgyzstan; Sary Chelek nature reserve; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7310; Russian |
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The author describes flora and fauna of the Sary Chelek nature reserve. There are 40 mammal species in the nature reserve. Encounters with snow leopard are rather rare. Normally, it preys on ibex, mainly destroying weakened animals. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 709 |
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576 |
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Author |
Yazan Yu.P. |
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The Almaty state nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1980 |
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162-164 |
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Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; establishment; climate; physiographic factors; plants; Animals; insects; reptiles; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 8590; Russian |
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History of the Alma-Ata nature reserve establishment, its location physical and geographic data, climate, and vegetation zones are described. Fauna of the protected area is represented by 64 mammal species, and about 200 bird species. Briefly described are behavioural patterns of roe deer, moral, wild boar, Siberian ibex, snow leopard, lynx, brown bear, and marten, and other mammals of the mountainous area. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 836 |
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1058 |
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Anonymous |
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Snow leopard in Mongolia |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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Pamphlet. |
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1-27 |
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action plan, CCT, conservation, distribution, fur trade, habitat |
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This documents contains a review of the snow leopard's distribution, status and habitat in Mongolia, describes threats and conservation needs of the species, and outlines presently implemented actions. Five major threats are identified: 1) Poaching 2) loss of prey 3) degradation, fragmentation and loss of habitat 4) conflict with herders 5) lack of public awareness. Actions to mitigate the five major threats are recommended and future conservation priorities are set. |
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WWF Mongolia Country Office & International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |
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1112 |
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Nikolaevskiy A.G. |
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The Kyrgyz state nature park “Ala-Archa”. People's park of the Uzbek SSR |
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1985 |
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89-92 |
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Kyrgyzsatn; Ala-Archa national park; location; climate; soils; relief; plants; Animals; mammals; snow leopard.; 7750 |
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It provides general information about the Kyrgyz state nature park ®Ala-Archa", its physico-geographical features, relief, landscape zoning, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopard, Tien-Shan brown bear, ibex (more than 300 animals), porcupine, stone marten, ermine, and marmot, etc. are mentioned as the most interesting animals. |
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1950Journal Title: National parks. |
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SLN @ rana @ 753 |
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720 |
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Han, X. Miquelle, D. G., Zhang, E., Jones, M., and Jin, T.. |
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Far eastern leopard and Siberian tiger conservation measures. |
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2001 |
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102-103 |
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CCT, conservation, conservation needs, conservation strategy, distribution, Jilin Province, leopard, monitoring, Panthera pardus, Panthera tigris, poaching, recovery, Recovery plan, snow |
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Workshop to develop a recovery plan for the wild north China tiger population. October 20th to 23th, 2000, Harbin.
Like the Siberian Tiger, the Far Eastern Leopard is one of China's largest Felidae and lives mainly in the eastern mountains of Jilin Province. The number of leopards is very low and it is even more endangered than the tiger. There is a very close relationship between leopard and tiger conservation, especially in areas where overlap occurs. In these areas, special emphasis has to be placed on each of the species' specific conservation needs. There is urgent need to step up our efforts to study and monitor leopard populations and to develop a conservation strategy. This document contains information of the status and main threats of the Far Eastern leopard and makes recommendations on needed conservation measures. |
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund |
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Widlife Conservation Society |
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Harbin |
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1117 |
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Jackson, R., Ahlborn, G.G. |
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Appendix: Snow leopard managment recommendations provided to HMG in: Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I. Report: 1-7. Himalayan |
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1986 |
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1-7 |
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action plan, CCT, conservation, Himalaya, human wildlife conflict, hunting, livestock, local participation, local people, management/protected |
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Preliminary recommendations for the management of snow leopard and its prey are provided for the Langu Valley segment of the Shey-Pkoksundo National Park. Park-wide and country-wide conservation options and management recommendations await results of the surveys scheduled for 1987. The following management objectives are formulated: 1) Protection and ultimate restoration of all natural communities within the area 2) Special protection measures for snow leopard and musk deer (strict control of hunting and livestock grazing) 3) Secure natural resources around local villages 4) Respect traditional rights of villagers, while controlling high impact human activities 5) Secure cooperation of local people. These objectives are refined and recommendations for concrete conservation actions are made.
Notes: document is a part of the Himalayan Snow Leopard Project: Final Progress Report, Phase I |
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1119 |
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