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Author The Snow Leopard Conservancy
Title A Learning Tour of the CBN (Corbett, Nainital and Binsar) Eco-tourism Initiative Sites by Villagers from Hemis National Park and the Surrounding Area (18-28th November 2002) Type Report
Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume SLC Field Document Series No 5 Issue Pages
Keywords Ladakh; Himalayas; Himalaya; Karakoram; mountains; mountain; landscape; tourists; trans-himalayan; transhimalayan; biodiversity; home; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; tourism; number; ecotourism; 80; conservation; traditional; local; community; Culture; income; people; leh; travel; rural; Snow Leopard Conservancy; ecotourism activities; ecotourism-activities; activities; activity; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; livelihood; loss; livestock; Animals; Animal; local people; NGO's; eco-tourism; villagers; area
Abstract Ladakh lies between the Great Himalayas and the formidable Karakoram mountains.

Its unique landscape and rich cultural heritage have been a great attraction to tourists all over

the world. Apart from its uniqueness it has a rich Trans-Himalayan bio-diversity and is home

to the rare and elusive snow leopard. It opened to tourism in 1974 with a handful of tourists

and has gone up to the present number of about 18,000 visitors annually. Ecotourism started in Ladakh in mid 80s in the form of conservation of traditional

architecture when local communities realized the importance of their rich culture and

traditions being valued by the visiting tourists. However, while tourism became a major

source of income to people in Leh, most of the benefits stayed with outside (Delhi) based

travel agents thus leaving out the rural masses. During the last three years Snow Leopard Conservancy and The Mountain Institute have been

initiating ecotourism activities with local communities in the Hemis National Park as an

alternate livelihood and an indirect way to compensate losses of livestock from predatory

animals. However, local people while venturing into such new initiatives have tended to be

like blind men that are being led by NGO's so that they do not stumble along their paths.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Leh, Ladakh, India Editor (down) Wangchuk, R.; Dadul, J.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1025 Serial 963
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Author Ming, M.; Yun, G.; Bo, W.
Title Chinese snow leopard team goes into action Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Man & the Biosphere Abbreviated Journal
Volume 54 Issue 6 Pages 18-25
Keywords Chinese; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; action; China; country; countries; number; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; survey; research; recent; Xinjiang; ecology; tracking; Animal; field; Kunlun; camera; capture; Animals; survival
Abstract China, the world's most populous country, also contains the largest number of Snow Leopards of any country in the world. But the survey and research of the snow leopard had been very little for the second half of the 20th century. Until recent years, the members of Xinjiang Snow Leopards Group (XSLG/SLT/XFC) , the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences have been tracking down the solitary animal. The journal reporter does a face-to-face interview with professor Ma Ming who is a main responsible expert of the survey team. By the account of such conversation, we learn the achievements, advances and difficulty of research of snow leopards in the field, Tianshan and Kunlun, Xinjiang, the far west China, and we also know that why the team adopt the infrared camera to capture the animals. Last but not least professor talked about the survival menace faced by the Snow Leopards in Xinjiang.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication China Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes In Chinese; Edited by this magazine <Man & the Biosphere> Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 978 Serial 685
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Author Sapozhnikov G.N.
Title Wild sheep in Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 199 p.
Keywords Tajikistan; urial; argali; taxonomy; morphology; variability; life history characteristics; distribution; number; diet; behavior; parasites; predators; snow leopard.; 8060; Russian
Abstract The monograph provides data concerning taxonomy, morphology, and age variability of wild sheep. There described distribution, number, population composition, behavioral patterns, reproduction, predators and parasites. Besides, a matter of conservation and sustainable use of the species is discussed. Together with wolf, snow leopard is called an enemy of O. o. vignei and argali (O. o. polii).
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in Russian Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 784 Serial 845
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Author Sapojnikov G.N.
Title Distribution and number of several endangered mammals and birds of Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1984 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 129-143
Keywords Tajikistan; endangered species; snow leopard; number; use.; 8070; Russian
Abstract Many years' data connected with the distribution and number of endangered species of animals as dhole (Cuon alpinus Pall), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena L.), snow leopard (Uncia uncia Shreb.) and birds of Tajikistan are given. Area of snow leopard includes the most of mountain ridges in this country. The total number is evaluated about 160-200 individuals. The record quantity of legal harvested skins of snow leopard is 64 in 1946.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Natural resources and nature reserves of Tajikistan. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 785 Serial 844
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Author Razmakhnin V.E.
Title Siberian wild ibex Type Miscellaneous
Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 164-175
Keywords Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian
Abstract It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 783 Serial 810
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Author Poyarkov A.D.
Title Irbis in south-western Tuva Type Miscellaneous
Year 1999 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 204
Keywords Russia; Altai-Sayans; snow leopard; distribution; number.; 7980; Russian
Abstract In 1998, under the WWF Altai-Sayans ecoregion conservation program, traces of snow leopard were detected in the ridges of Tsaran-Shibetu and Shipshal. The density of vital activity traces is comparable with those in northern Mongolia.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: 4th Congress of mammalogy society. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 776 Serial 786
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Author Pokrovskiy V.S.
Title Snow leopard, or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 82-98
Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian
Abstract It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 772 Serial 780
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Author Pokrovskiy V.S.
Title Mammals Type Miscellaneous
Year 1969 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 19-28
Keywords Ussr; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7930; Russian
Abstract The work presents a preliminary list of rare and endangered predatory and ungulate species. Snow leopard inhabits the mountain ridges of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and sometimes is met in the Altai and Tuva. Despite its habitat has not changed since recently, number of snow leopard is decreasing. Snow leopard population is reducing because this species is believed to be dangerous, as its skin is of high and sustainable demand, and because of high prices zoos will readily pay to buy snow leopards. Shepherds, local hunters and geologists hunt snow leopard.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered mammal and bird species in the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 771 Serial 779
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Author Persianova L.A.
Title Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
Year 1983 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 1. Issue Pages 32-33
Keywords Uzbekistan; Red Data book; endangered species; snow leopard; status of threat; distribution; habitats; number; life-history; threats; conservation measures.; 7880; Russian
Abstract Status of snow leopard in Uzbek Red Data Book is rare species with reducing population. It provides data concerning distribution, habitats, biology, threats, and existing and required snow leopard protection measures in Uzbekistan. This species is distributed in the Kurama, Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. Its population is about 10 animals. There are two snow leopards in the Tashkent zoo. This species is protected in Zaamin, Kizilsu, Miraka, and Chatkal nature reserves.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Uzbek SSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 766 Serial 769
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Author Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association
Title Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 Type Manuscript
Year 2010 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology
Abstract In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,

zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as

reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial

operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,

Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from

September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made

the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that

administrative units have been increased and territories of

administrative units have been diminished. There have been four

provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation

limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than

ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.

Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of

species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in

banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,

Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing

in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently

necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures

into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across

hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.

Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national

cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's

Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of

cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of

Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify

popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of

agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central

Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December

16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of

1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %

of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals

amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total

animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article

mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in

Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such

number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into

five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult

animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally

in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food

of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main

nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the

soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of

secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of

ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt

one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for

domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big

game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and

hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.

Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give

prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly

it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15

USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially

picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow

leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack

domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of

ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting

wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't

consider it had been right since it was natural event. However

population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought

and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has

never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million

heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in

its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of

domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild

animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards

correctly with low costs.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor (down)
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1100 Serial 705
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